Yogshastra Part 05

This summary covers the content of the provided pages from "Yogashastra Part 05" by Hemchandracharya, edited by Vijaydharmsuri, published by the Asiatic Society of Bengal.

Overall Context:

The provided text is a fasciculus (part) of the Yogashastra, a significant Jain philosophical and practical treatise. This particular section (Fasciculus V, as indicated on page 1) appears to be a detailed commentary and exposition, focusing on the names and attributes of the Tirthankaras (Jain spiritual leaders) and then delving into the daily conduct and spiritual practices of a Jain follower, particularly the essential "Aavashyakas" (obligatory duties).

Key Themes and Content Breakdown:

• Praise of Tirthankaras (Pages 3-18):

  • The text begins with a prayer and enumeration of the 24 Tirthankaras, starting with Rishabh (Usabha) and concluding with Mahavira (Vardhamana).
  • For each Tirthankara, the text provides etymological explanations of their names, often linking them to events during their conception, birth, or significant life occurrences, as well as their inherent qualities. For example, Rishabh's name is explained through the bull (vṛṣabha) symbol and his perceived strength. Ajit's name relates to being unconquered.
  • The names are often explained through Sanskrit and Prakrit derivations and interpretations, highlighting the divine and virtuous nature of these spiritual figures.
  • The text emphasizes their role as "Dharmateerthankaras" (those who establish the path of Dharma) and their mastery over worldly attachments and aversions.
  • It includes verses (gathas) that connect the Tirthankaras' names to specific auspicious dreams or events experienced by their mothers.

• Essential Daily Practices (Aavashyakas) for a Jain Follower (Pages 18 onwards):

  • The core of the provided text focuses on the practical aspects of Jain spiritual discipline for a householder (Shravaka) and a monk (Yati).
  • Vandana (Salutation): The text meticulously details the proper etiquette and procedure for venerating Gurus (spiritual teachers) and Chaityas (Jain temples/icons). This includes:
    • Guru Vandana: A comprehensive guide on showing respect to the Guru, involving specific postures, gestures (like prostration), vocalizations, and a particular sequence of actions. The text describes various types of "doshas" (faults) to be avoided during Vandana, emphasizing sincerity and humility. It also outlines the specific phrases and prayers to be recited.
    • Chaitya Vandana: This is also described as an important practice, often performed in conjunction with other Aavashyakas.
  • Aavashyakas in Detail (Pages 29-71): The text systematically explains six essential daily duties:
    • Samaayika (Equanimity): The practice of maintaining mental stillness and equanimity.
    • Chaturvinshati Stava (Praise of 24 Tirthankaras): Reciting hymns and praises in honor of the Tirthankaras.
    • Vandana (Salutation): As detailed above.
    • Pratikramana (Repentance/Confession): The act of acknowledging and confessing one's faults and transgressions, seeking forgiveness, and resolving to amend. This is described in great detail, including specific prayers and their meanings.
    • Kayotsarga (Abandonment of the Body): A practice of standing in stillness, detaching from the body's sensations, often performed for self-purification or meditation. The text explains its various forms and the faults to avoid.
    • Pratyakhyana (Renunciation/Vow): The act of taking vows, renouncing certain activities or desires, often for a specific period. This is a significant section, detailing various types of vows based on food, activities, and intentions.
  • Types of Pratyakhyana: The text elaborates on different levels of renunciation, including:
    • Sanketa Pratyakhyana: Symbolic renunciation.
    • Addha Pratyakhyana: Time-bound renunciation.
    • Paurushi: Renunciation for a period of about 3 hours.
    • Purvardha: Renunciation of the first half of the day.
    • Ekashana/Ekastana: Eating once a day/staying in one place.
    • Achamaalam: Renouncing certain types of food or preparation methods.
    • Abhaktartha: Renouncing food for the day.
    • Panaka: Renouncing certain beverages.
    • Charama: Renouncing food for the rest of the day or life.
    • Abhgraha: Taking specific vows related to food or activities.
    • Vikruti Pratyakhyana: Renouncing specific types of food considered as "vikruti" (modified or impure foods).
  • The Six Aavashyakas are Elaborated with Great Detail: The text provides intricate instructions on the correct pronunciation, gestures, and mental focus required for each Aavashyak. It highlights the importance of sincerity and the avoidance of specific faults (doshas) in performing these duties.
  • The "Pancha Mangala" (Five Auspicious Ones): Mentioned as something to be recited during certain practices.
  • The "Namokar Mantra" (Pancha Parameshti Stotra): Emphasized as a fundamental and powerful prayer that aids in overcoming worldly suffering.

• Moral and Ethical Teachings (Kashayas - Passions):

  • The latter part of the text delves into the nature of the four primary passions (Kashayas): Anger (Krodha), Pride (Mana), Deception (Maya), and Greed (Lobha).
  • Anger (Krodha): Described as self-destructive, destructive to others, and an obstacle to spiritual peace. Forgiveness (Kshama) is presented as the antidote.
  • Pride (Mana): Discussed as a destroyer of virtues like humility, knowledge, and conduct. It is linked to various forms of pride based on birth, wealth, strength, beauty, etc. Gentleness or humility (Mardava) is the prescribed remedy.
  • Deception (Maya): Characterized as the root of all evils, a deceitful nature that ultimately harms oneself. Straightforwardness or sincerity (Arjava) is presented as the way to overcome it.
  • Greed (Lobha): Depicted as an insatiable desire, a bottomless pit that leads to ruin. Contentment (Santosha) is offered as the solution.
  • The text uses vivid analogies and illustrative stories to explain the nature and consequences of these passions and the remedies for them.

• Illustrative Narratives:

  • The text includes several illustrative stories, particularly concerning the consequences of passions and the virtues of steadfastness in practice.
  • Sthulabhadra and Koshaya: A lengthy narrative about Sthulabhadra's unwavering adherence to his vows despite various temptations and hardships, including those posed by Koshaya, a courtesan. This story highlights the power of celibacy and devotion to the teachings.
  • Ananda Shravaka: The story of Ananda, a householder who diligently practiced Jain principles and attained spiritual progress. It illustrates the benefits of vows and practices.
  • Kamadeva: The story of Kamadeva, who underwent severe trials and temptations from a demon disguised as a god, demonstrating the importance of steadfastness in faith and practice.

• Personal Conduct and Spiritual Progress:

  • The text emphasizes the importance of controlling one's senses, mind, and speech.
  • It describes the gradual path of spiritual ascent, from householder's vows to monasticism and ultimately to liberation (Moksha).
  • The concept of "Nishreni" (ladder) is used to describe the progressive stages of spiritual development.
  • The importance of introspection, self-reflection, and seeking the guidance of Gurus is consistently highlighted.

In essence, this portion of the Yogashastra serves as a comprehensive guide to the practical and ethical aspects of Jainism, offering detailed instructions on devotional practices, the understanding and overcoming of passions, and the importance of living a disciplined and virtuous life that leads to spiritual liberation.