Vyavahar Sutram

This is a summary of the "Vyavahar Sutra" based on the provided text, focusing on the introductory sections (Pithika and the beginning of the second section). The text is a foundational scripture for the Shwetambar Jain tradition, focusing on the practical conduct and discipline of monks and nuns.

Book Title: Vyavahar Sutram Author(s): Manekmuni (Compiler/Editor), Bhadrabahuswami (Original Author of Mulam), Malayagiri (Commentator) Publisher: Jain Shwetambar Sangh Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/020933/1

Summary:

The provided text is the introductory part (Pithika) and the beginning of the second section of the Vyavahar Sutra, meticulously compiled and edited by Muni Manek. This volume is published with the assistance of Vakil Keshavlal Premchand, B.A., LL.B., and printed by Shah Gulabchand Lallubhai at Anand Printing Press, Bhavnagar, in Veer Nirvana Samvat 2412 (1926 AD).

Key Themes and Content:

The Pithika (Introduction) highlights the profound nature and complexity of the Vyavahar Sutra. It draws an analogy: just as navigating the ocean is difficult, understanding this Sutra is challenging. The introduction aims to provide a summary of its contents.

1. Purpose and Analogy: The Vyavahar Sutra, like laws for the protection of a state, lays down guidelines for the conduct of monks and nuns. It elaborates on how ascetics should behave, providing rules and exceptions for when the general principles cannot be followed. The text emphasizes that just as a judge delivers justice for transgressions and compensates the wronged party, this Sutra provides the framework for maintaining order and discipline within the monastic order.

2. Authorship and Commentary: The text acknowledges the original source as the Mulam (root scripture) by Shrutakevali Bhadrabahuswami. It then mentions the commentary (Bhashya) by Purvacharya and the detailed commentary (Vivaran) by the esteemed Malayagiri Maharaj. Muni Manek has worked on editing and compiling this version, aiming to make it accessible at a reasonable price for scholars and Jain institutions.

3. Content Overview (as described in the Pithika):

   • Monastic Discipline: The core subject matter revolves around the conduct of monks (Sadhu) and nuns (Sadhvi).
   • Rules and Exceptions: It outlines the principles of conduct and the exceptions (Apavada) when the primary rules cannot be followed, emphasizing the proper application of these exceptions.
   • Punishment and Justice: The text implicitly deals with how transgressions are handled, implying a system of justice and appropriate education or punishment for those who violate the rules.
   • Importance of the Text: The Pithika stresses the depth and significance of the Vyavahar Sutra, making it a crucial text for understanding Jain monastic life.

4. Structure of the Sutra (as outlined in the Pithika): The text introduces the concept of "Anuyogadwara" (means of approaching or understanding the subject matter), stating that the Vyavahar Sutra, like a great city, has four entrances. These are:

   • Upakrama (Initiation/Introduction): This involves bringing the scripture closer, including its study.
   • Nikshetra (Classification/Placement): This refers to the initial "placement" or classification of terms and concepts (like Nama, Sthapana, Dravya, Kshetra, Kala, Bhava).
   • Anugama (Inclusion/Systematic Exposition): This is the systematic explanation of the sutra's meaning.
   • Naya (Viewpoints/Perspectives): This refers to the different philosophical standpoints (like Naigama, Sangraha, Vyavahar, etc.) used to understand the subject matter.

5. Detailed Breakdown of Upakrama (Initiation): The Pithika delves into the various types of Upakrama, categorizing them as:

   • Shaastriya (Scriptural): Related to the scripture itself.
   • Itara (Other): This includes different types of "placement" based on categories like:
     • Nama (Name): The linguistic designation.
     • Sthapana (Representation): The symbolic representation.
     • Dravya (Substance): The actual entity.
     • Kshetra (Space/Location): The place.
     • Kala (Time): The time factor.
     • Bhava (State/Quality): The state or quality.

6. The Nature of "Vyavahar": The text begins to explain the term "Vyavahar" itself, noting its various aspects and how it is central to the Sutra. It discusses how "Vyavahar" (practice, custom, conduct) is carried out, by whom (Vyavahari), and what is to be practiced (Vyavahartavya). The latter part of the Pithika details the different meanings and applications of "Vyavahar" as "Vapan" (sowing/planting) and "Haran" (taking/carrying), which are crucial terms for understanding certain monastic practices.

7. The Four "Anuyogadwaras": The Pithika explains these in detail, particularly focusing on "Upakrama" and "Nikshetra". It discusses various classifications within these, such as the different types of "Dravya Upakrama" (Agamato/Noagamato) and how "Nama" and "Sthapana" are to be understood. The discussion then moves to "Anugama," mentioning its types like "Anupoorvee" (sequence) and how the Vyavahar Sutra fits within the broader context of Jain scriptures.

In essence, this initial portion of the Vyavahar Sutra, as presented in this Pithika, serves as an extensive preamble, setting the stage for the detailed exploration of monastic rules, their interpretation, and the underlying philosophical principles governing the Jain ascetic path. It emphasizes the importance of correct understanding and diligent practice, guided by the wisdom of past Acharyas.