Vikram Pushpanjali

This text is a collection of essays from the Nagari Pracharini Patrika, focusing on the themes of "Vikram Pushpanjali" and related historical and cultural topics. While the title "Vikram Pushpanjali" itself is mentioned on page 1, the subsequent content delves into various subjects, many of which are connected to Indian history, literature, and cultural studies, drawing from ancient Vedic texts, Puranas, epics, and archaeological findings.

Here's a breakdown of the key themes and content presented in the provided pages:

1. Eulogy of King Vikram (Vikram Pushpanjali - Page 1):

• The text begins with a section titled "Vikram Pushpanjali" which is a eulogy to a king named Vikram.
• It praises his greatness, stating his might is sufficient to help even Lord Indra (King of Heaven), let alone the Earth.
• It mentions that the speaker has come to honor him after hearing tales of his victories.
• The eulogy expresses a wish for the king to rule the Earth for hundreds of Kalpas (eons).

2. Bharat Vandana (Praise of India - Pages 5-7):

• This section discusses hymns of praise for India found in Indian literature, starting from the Atharvaveda.
• It highlights the "Bharat Vandana" from the Bhishma Parva of the Mahabharata as particularly excellent, describing the geographical and cultural panorama of ancient India.
• It lists numerous revered kings and emperors from Indian history who loved and served Bharatvarsha, emphasizing their contribution to its civilization and the ideals they established.
• It quotes from the Vishnu Purana, stating that deities sing songs of praise for those born in Bharatvarsha, as it is a land where both heaven and liberation (moksha) can be attained.

3. The "Charaveti-Charaveti" Song (Keep Moving - Pages 9-10):

• This section explains the profound message of the "Charaveti-Charaveti" (Keep Moving) chant from the Aitareya Brahmana, which advises Rohit, son of Harishchandra, to never stop moving.
• It elaborates on the philosophical meaning: movement is life, stagnation leads to decay, and the fortune of the active person flourishes while the inactive remains stagnant.
• The sun is presented as an example of constant, tireless movement.

4. Vikram-Sutra (The Principle of Vikram - Pages 11-13):

• This section explores the concept of "Vikram" (valor, effort, achievement) and its distinction from "Kram" (sequence, movement).
• It defines Vikram as special movement, the infusion of consciousness into existence, and the powerful spirit of "Charaveti-Charaveti."
• It contrasts the humble "Vaman" (dwarf) with the cosmic "Vishnu" as a metaphor for the transition from a limited state to a universal one through Vikram.
• The text connects Vikram to various contexts: creation by Prajapati Vishnu, royal sacrifices (Rajsuya Yajna), the transmission of knowledge by a Guru, the spiritual quest of a Brahmachari, and the duties within family and society.
• It asserts that Vikram is never detrimental and always leads to the pursuit of truth and welfare, citing examples of King Ashwapati Kekaya and King Dilipa.

5. Abhinandan of Vikram Samvat (Salutation to the Vikram Era - Pages 15-20):

• This essay presents the Vikram Samvat as the witness to the nation's Vikram and a wish-fulfilling tree for the future.
• It highlights the Samvat's role in nurturing the nation and its connection to Mahakala's power that drives creation forward.
• The Samvat is described as a companion to those who keep moving, its axis never overheating, constantly progressing.
• It is personified as Prajapati, living through the lives of its people, and as an immortal entity sustained by them.
• The essay emphasizes the Samvat's cyclical nature, its connection to the sun and time, its reproductive power, and its association with periods of great creation and national glory.
• It underscores that the Vikram Samvat's name itself signifies its "Vikram-centric" nature, initiated by the Rjarshis.
• The importance of "Ras" (essence, joy) in life is highlighted, and the Samvat states that where there is Ras, there is no sorrow.
• The Samvat acts as an immortal lamp illuminating the path for progress, carrying the accumulated welfare of the past to bless the future.
• It connects the Samvat to the earth's harmony, the cyclical seasons, and the spiritual development of Brahmachari, Grihastha, and Yati.

6. Vishnu's Vikraman (Vishnu's Striding - Pages 21-27):

• This section interprets Vishnu's "Trivikram" (three strides) as the greatest cosmic act, leading from the Vaman form to the Virat (cosmic) form.
• It explains that this act is the basis of the universe's existence, beauty, and mystery.
• Vishnu's strides are seen as representing creation, sustenance, and dissolution, encompassing all existence.
• The Sun is identified as Vishnu, with its three stages (morning, noon, evening) representing its strides. The Samvatsara (year) is also a form of Vishnu, marked by its three seasons.
• The text highlights the connection between the Samvatsara and infinite time, with the Samvatsara being Vishnu to whom honor is due, just as Vishnu's glory is sung.
• It draws parallels between the sacrifices (Yajna) and their three stages (Pratah Savana, Madhyandin Savana, Sayam Savana) and Vishnu's three steps.
• The essay emphasizes that the king or nation-head is a form of Vishnu, and the glorification of victorious kings is essential for national prosperity.
• It analyzes hymns from the Rigveda describing Vishnu's strides, highlighting themes of protection, encompassing all realms, steadfastness, and the interconnectedness of action and vows.
• The concept of "Madhv Uts" (source of honey) is discussed as the highest position of joy, attainable through vast Vikram.

7. Shakvari Vrat (The Shakvari Vow - Pages 29-33):

• This essay discusses the "Shakvari Vrat" as a powerful blessing imparted by mothers to their children, signifying the ability to "do" or "be able to do."
• It connects the root "shak" (to be able) to "Shakvari," representing human potential and strength.
• The text explains that the power of "Shakvari" (strength to perform) is the foundation of life and achievement.
• It draws upon the Aitareya Brahmana to explain that the act of "Shakvari" is inherent in creation itself, as indicated by Prajapati's ability to create.
• The essay identifies "Shakvari" as the divine energy that enabled Indra to defeat Vritrasura, representing the triumph of divine force over demonic obstacles.
• It highlights the concept of "Shakvari" as the underlying strength of Brahmins, Vaishyas, and Shudras, contributing to their prosperity and security.
• The importance of the Mahanamni Suktas, recited during the Shakvari Vrat, is emphasized, signifying the pursuit of higher education and spiritual prowess.

8. Parikshit's Tales (Parikshit's Narratives - Pages 35-36):

• This section discusses the "Parikshiti" hymns from the Atharvaveda, describing the ideal state of subjects during King Parikshit's reign.
• It contrasts the "Narasansi" (praise of people) and "Parikshiti" (praise of Parikshit) as vital for infusing life and essence back into Vedic hymns.
• The text highlights the prosperity and well-being of the people under Parikshit's rule, evidenced by the wife asking her husband what she should bring him from his kingdom.
• It argues that King Parikshit's "Vikram" was measured not by territorial conquest but by the welfare and progress of his subjects.
• The essay emphasizes that true Vikram lies in propagating Dharma and culture, and in achieving mastery over one's own sphere of life.

9. Naming of the Country (Desh Ka Namkaran - Pages 37-42):

• This essay delves into the etymology of the name "Bharatvarsha."
• It cites the Vayu Purana, stating that the country is named Bharatvarsha because Manu, who sustains his people, is called Bharata.
• It also discusses the connection of the name to the Vedic "Bharata" tribe and the goddess Bharati.
• The essay traces the evolution of geographical names and the cultural influence spreading from India to regions like Afghanistan and Pamir.
• It explores the origin of the term "Hindu" from the Persian "Hindush," referring to the Indus River and its surrounding regions, dating back to the Achaemenid Empire.
• It discusses the impact of Indian culture on these regions and the connections between ancient Indian geography and its literature.

10. Artistic Depiction of Madhyadesha in the Gupta Era (Pages 45-54):

• This article focuses on the artistic and geographical representation of Madhyadesha (the central region of India) during the Gupta period, particularly in the Udayagiri caves.
• It highlights the significance of the Varaha (boar) avatar carving in Udayagiri, which depicts the confluence of the Ganga and Yamuna rivers, symbolizing the unity of Madhyadesha.
• The essay details the artistic elements, including the personification of rivers, the depiction of festivals, and the cultural integration of the time.
• It connects the artistic representations to the administrative and religious policies of Gupta emperors like Samudragupta.
• The influence of Indian culture on the region is evident in the naming of cities, the practice of rituals, and the adoption of Sanskrit language and the caste system.

11. Prithvisukta - A Study (Pages 56-77):

• This essay provides a detailed analysis of the "Prithvisukta" from the Atharvaveda, focusing on the reverence for Mother Earth in Indian culture.
• It explores the concept of Earth as a nurturing mother and humanity as her children, emphasizing the deep spiritual connection.
• The essay discusses the multifaceted nature of Earth, encompassing its geological aspects, its role in sustaining life, and its spiritual significance.
• It highlights the importance of truth, Dharma, and ethical conduct in maintaining the Earth's harmony and the prosperity of humanity.
• The text explores the concept of "Vikram" (valor and effort) in relation to conquering challenges and achieving progress, linking it to the development of civilization and culture.
• It discusses the geographical features of India, including mountains, rivers, and forests, and their significance in Indian mythology and spirituality.
• The essay emphasizes the cyclical nature of time and seasons, and the interconnectedness of all living beings with the Earth.
• It delves into the philosophical underpinnings of Indian culture, highlighting the pursuit of knowledge, righteousness, and spiritual liberation.

12. Vikram Samvat (The Vikram Era - Pages 77-101):

• This is a scholarly discussion on the origin and history of the Vikram Samvat.
• It debunks earlier theories suggesting a later origin and firmly establishes its inception in 57 BCE.
• The essay analyzes various ancient inscriptions and literary sources to trace the evolution of the Samvat's name from "Krit Samvat" to "Malav Samvat" and finally to "Vikram Samvat."
• It discusses the role of the Malava republic and the possibility of a leader named "Krit" or "Vikrama" in its establishment.
• The text critically examines Jain traditions and legends, particularly the story of Kalakacharya, which links the Samvat to the defeat of the Shakas and King Vikramaditya.
• It also touches upon the cultural interactions with other regions and the broader context of calendar systems in ancient India.

13. Vikramaditya (Pages 102-114):

• This essay explores the legendary figure of Vikramaditya, as depicted in popular lore and literary traditions.
• It discusses the common belief that Vikramaditya was the son of Gandharvasena of Ujjain, who defeated the Shakas and established the Vikram Samvat.
• The essay highlights Vikramaditya's patronage of arts and literature, particularly his association with the poet Kalidasa.
• It analyzes various literary sources like the Gatha Saptashati, Jain texts (Prabhavak Charita, Merutunga's Prabandha Kosha), and the Katha Saritsagara to reconstruct the narrative of Vikramaditya.
• It addresses the historical challenges in definitively establishing Vikramaditya's existence and his direct role in founding the Samvat, suggesting a potential conflation of historical figures and legends.
• The essay distinguishes between the legendary Vikramaditya and the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II, who also bore the title Vikramaditya.

14. Sahasanka Vikram and Chandragupta Vikramaditya's Unity (Pages 115-128):

• This article argues for the identification of Sahasanka Vikram, a historical figure mentioned in ancient texts, with Chandragupta II Vikramaditya.
• It presents evidence from Sanskrit literature, including works by Ksemendra, Merutunga, and Bilhana, who associate Sahasanka with Vikramaditya.
• The essay examines inscriptions and coin legends that mention "Sahasanka" and "Vikramaditya" as interchangeable names for the same ruler.
• It discusses the role of the Vikram Samvat and its association with Sahasanka, suggesting that it was also known as the "Sahasanka Samvat."
• The text also explores the story of Chandragupta II's reign, including his encounter with his brother and the adoption of the "Sahasanka" title.

15. Vikram Samvat and Vikramaditya (Pages 125-135):

• This essay revisits the origin of the Vikram Samvat, building upon the findings presented in earlier sections.
• It reiterates the establishment of the Samvat in 57 BCE and its initial name as "Krit Samvat" and later "Malav Samvat."
• The essay discusses the historical context of the Malava republic's struggle for independence against the Shakas, suggesting that this victory might have been the impetus for the Samvat's creation.
• It analyzes the interpretation of "Krit" as signifying a golden age or a period of righteousness, aligning with the ideals associated with the Vikram Samvat.
• The text also considers the role of Gautami putra Satakarni and his victories over the Shakas as a potential connection to the Samvat, though it leans towards the Malava origin.
• It concludes by suggesting that the name "Vikramaditya" might have been associated with the Samvat later, possibly due to the popularity of Chandragupta II Vikramaditya.

16. Victory Praises of Gautami putra Shri Satakarni (Pages 133-146):

• This section presents a translation and analysis of a Prakrit inscription from Nasik, detailing the glorious reign of King Gautami putra Shri Satakarni of the Satavahana dynasty.
• It highlights his extensive conquests, including the defeat of Shakas, Yavanas, and Pallavas, and his role in restoring Dharma and social order.
• The inscription praises Satakarni's valor, wisdom, and his commitment to justice, comparing him to legendary figures from Indian epics.
• It discusses his vast territorial dominion, encompassing various regions of ancient India, and his patronage of arts and sciences.
• The text also mentions the role of his mother, Gautami Balashri, in commissioning the inscription and preserving his legacy.

17. Vedic Deities in the Bogazkoy Inscriptions (Pages 137-150):

• This article delves into the significant discovery of Hittite inscriptions at Bogazkoy in Asia Minor, which mention Vedic deities.
• It discusses the presence of names like Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya, suggesting an early Indo-Aryan presence in Western Asia around 1400 BCE.
• The essay explores the linguistic and cultural connections between the Indo-Aryan languages of India and the Hittite and Mittani languages of Anatolia.
• It highlights the significance of these findings for understanding the early spread of Indo-Aryan culture and religion.

18. A Study of Upayana Parva (Pages 141-197):

• This is a comprehensive study of the "Upayana Parva" from the Sabha Parva of the Mahabharata, which describes the tributes offered by various kingdoms and tribes to King Yudhishthira during the Rajasuya Yajna.
• It meticulously analyzes the geographical locations, ethnic groups, and their offerings, providing insights into the political and economic landscape of ancient India and its surrounding regions.
• The essay discusses the portrayal of various peoples, including those from Punjab, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Eastern India, and their interactions with the Mahabharata's protagonists.
• It explores the cultural and religious influences, as well as the economic activities, of these regions, drawing upon literary and archaeological evidence.
• The text also delves into the historical context of the Mahabharata, discussing the dating of its various layers and the potential interpretations of geographical references.

19. Karmabhumi and Panivada (Action and the Glory of Hands - Page 194):

• This short section emphasizes the importance of action and human effort in life, drawing from the Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata.
• It highlights the saying that a man's true definition lies in his actions, and that through effort, one can achieve anything and become like a god.
• The text stresses that hands are the instruments of action, and those who possess them and use them diligently are the truly successful and fortunate.

20. "Our Sake's Day is Today" (Pages 195-196):

• This is a patriotic poem that evokes a sense of national pride and a call to action.
• It speaks of overcoming past defeats and forging a new destiny with renewed strength and spirit.
• The poem emphasizes the importance of learning from history, embracing progress, and upholding noble ideals, referencing Kalidasa as an inspiration.

21. Paurava-Parakram-Padak (The Paurava Valor Medal - Pages 197-200):

• This essay discusses a silver medal found in the British Museum, believed to depict a scene from the battle between Porus and Alexander the Great.
• It analyzes the imagery on the medal, highlighting the bravery of King Porus, his defiance against Alexander, and the role of treacherous elements like King Ambhi of Taxila.
• The text delves into the historical accounts of the battle from Greek historians like Arrian, emphasizing Porus's valor and dignity in the face of defeat.
• It discusses the scholarly debate on the exact identification of "Porus" as "Paurava" and the significance of the Paurava lineage.
• The medal is presented as a symbol of Indian martial spirit and the enduring legacy of valor.

22. India and its Relations with Other Countries (Pages 201-218):

• This extensive section explores the historical and cultural connections between India and various other countries, particularly in Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and East Asia.
• It highlights India's significant influence on the religious, artistic, literary, and political development of these regions, primarily through the spread of Buddhism and Hinduism.
• The essay discusses the missions of monks and scholars who carried Indian culture abroad, mentioning figures like Ashoka, Mahinda, Sanghamitra, Kumarajiva, Faxian, Xuanzang, and Dipankara Shrijnana.
• It details the establishment of Indian kingdoms and cultural enclaves in places like Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Java, Sumatra, Thailand, Tibet, and China, emphasizing the shared heritage and influences.
• The text examines the transmission of Indian knowledge in fields such as philosophy, medicine, astronomy, and linguistics to other civilizations.
• It also touches upon the trade relations and the movement of people that facilitated this cultural exchange.
• The essay concludes by reflecting on the enduring impact of Indian culture on these regions and the ongoing efforts to revive and strengthen these ancient ties.

23. Gourimputra Shri Satakarni's Victory Praises (Pages 133-146 - Re-examination):

• This is a detailed translation and analysis of the Nasik inscription of Gautami Balashri, praising her son, King Gautami putra Shri Satakarni.
• The inscription is rich in details about his military prowess, administrative achievements, patronage of arts and sciences, and his efforts to uphold Dharma.
• The text emphasizes Satakarni's lineage, his victories over foreign invaders, and his role in restoring the glory of the Satavahana dynasty.

24. Some Current Geographical Names and Their Ancient Forms (Pages 237-250):

• This is a collection of comparative lists of current geographical names with their ancient Sanskrit and Persian counterparts.
• It provides valuable insights into the historical evolution of place names and the linguistic connections between different cultures.
• The essay draws upon various historical and archaeological sources to establish these connections.

In essence, this compilation from the Nagari Pracharini Patrika offers a glimpse into India's rich historical and cultural legacy, emphasizing the enduring influence of its civilization across Asia and beyond, with a particular focus on the concept of "Vikram" and the historical significance of the Vikram Samvat.