Videsho Me Jain Dharm

This is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Videsho me Jain Dharm" (Jainism in Foreign Countries) by Gokulprasad Jain, published by Shri Bharatvarshiya Digambar Jain Mahasabha. The book aims to showcase the global spread and influence of Jainism throughout history, presenting evidence from various historical periods and geographical locations.

Here's a breakdown of the key themes and content:

I. Introduction and Core Argument:

• Ancient and Global Reach: The central thesis of the book is that Jainism, originating in India, was not confined to the subcontinent but spread extensively across the globe in ancient and medieval times. This spread predates or coexisted with many other major world religions and cultures.
• Shraman Culture as the Foundation: The book often refers to "Shraman culture" as the ancient precursor and carrier of Jain principles, suggesting a pervasive influence across continents.
• Historical Evidence: The author relies on a wide array of evidence, including archaeological findings, ancient texts (both Jain and non-Jain, including Vedic, Buddhist, Greek, and Mesopotamian), travelogues of foreign travelers (like Chinese monks), inscriptions, and linguistic similarities.
• Reclaiming Jain History: A significant undertone is the effort to correct what the author perceives as historical omissions or misinterpretations, particularly regarding the attribution of Jain sites and artifacts to other religions (especially Buddhism and Hinduism).

II. Key Periods and Regions Discussed:

1. Prehistoric and Ancient Connections:

   • Sindhu Valley Civilization: The book argues that the Indus Valley Civilization (Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Kalibangan) was deeply influenced by or even a manifestation of Jainism (Shraman culture). Evidence cited includes yogic figurines in meditative postures, symbols, and the worship of Adinath (Rishabhdev).
   • Mesopotamia (Sumeria, Babylonia, Assyria): The author asserts strong connections between Jainism and these ancient civilizations, citing the influence of Jain principles on their culture and the possible presence of Jain traders and settlers. Figures like Gilgamesh and Nebuchadnezzar are linked to Jainism.
   • Ancient Egypt: Similar arguments are made for ancient Egypt, suggesting Indian (Jain) influence on their religion, art, and architecture, with figures like Menes and their worship practices being discussed.
   • Iran (Persia): Zoroastrianism is presented as being influenced by Jainism, particularly its emphasis on Ahimsa (non-violence).
   • Western Asia: Extensive connections are drawn to countries like Arabia, Syria, and the Levant, with mentions of Jain monks and settlements. The origin of Judaism is also speculatively linked to Jainism.

2. Spread to Europe and the Americas:

   • Scandinavia (Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania): The book claims that the ancestors of these regions migrated from India and brought Jainism with them. Linguistic and cultural similarities are highlighted.
   • Greece and Rome: The influence of Jain philosophy on Greek thinkers like Pythagoras and Plato is discussed, along with evidence of Jain monks visiting and residing in Greece.
   • Americas: Archaeological and historical evidence is presented to suggest that Jain missionaries (Pani traders) reached the Americas (North and South) via sea routes, establishing Shraman culture there. The influence on Maya, Inca, and Aztec civilizations is explored.

3. Jainism in Asia (Beyond India):

   • Central Asia and Soviet Union: Claims are made about the spread of Jainism throughout Central Asia, including regions that are now part of Russia (e.g., Sarazm).
   • China and Mongolia: The influence of Rishabhdev on Taoism and the presence of Jain temples and followers in these regions are discussed.
   • Tibet: Evidence points to the presence of Jain monasteries and followers, linking Tibetan Buddhism to Jainism.
   • Japan: The book suggests that early Japanese Buddhism ("Zen Buddhism") was influenced by or derived from Jain principles (referred to as "Yen mat").
   • Southeast Asia (Burma, Sri Lanka, Java, Sumatra, Cambodia, etc.): These regions are depicted as significant centers of Jain influence, with historical accounts of Jain monks and traders spreading the faith. Sri Lanka, in particular, is presented as having a strong early Jain presence.
   • Afghanistan: The presence of a significant Jain population and temples in ancient Afghanistan is noted, referencing accounts of Chinese travelers.
   • Pakistan (including Punjab, Sindh, Gandhar, Taxila): The book details the extensive historical presence of Jainism in these regions, citing archaeological evidence from sites like Taxila and Mohenjo-daro, and the work of Jain rulers and scholars in promoting Jainism.

4. Key Figures and Dynasties:

   • Tirthankaras: Rishabhdev (Adinath), Neminath, Parshvanath, and Mahavir are presented as figures who actively spread Jainism globally.
   • Indian Rulers: Emperors like Chandragupta Maurya, Samprati Maurya, and Kharavela of Kalinga are highlighted for their patronage and active promotion of Jainism both within India and abroad.
   • Foreign Rulers: Some foreign rulers are mentioned as being influenced by or receptive to Jainism.

III. Specific Themes and Evidence:

• Temples, Stupas, and Idols: The book lists numerous locations where Jain temples, stupas, and idols have been found or are historically documented, often arguing that their Jain origin has been overlooked.
• Syncretism and Transformation: It's argued that many sites and practices initially associated with Jainism were later absorbed or transformed by other religions.
• Trade Routes and Cultural Exchange: Jain traders (Pani Jatis) are portrayed as crucial agents in the global dissemination of Jain culture and principles through extensive trade networks.
• Philosophical and Ethical Parallels: The book draws comparisons between Jain philosophy (Ahimsa, Anekantavada, Karma) and the ethical and philosophical systems of other ancient cultures.
• Linguistic Connections: Similarities in language and terminology between Sanskrit/Prakrit and languages of other regions are cited as evidence of influence.

IV. Overall Tone and Objective:

"Videsho me Jain Dharm" is a scholarly work that seeks to establish the ancient and widespread nature of Jainism. It aims to educate Jain readers about their religion's global heritage and to present a case for Jainism's significant historical impact on world civilization. The author's dedication and extensive research are evident throughout the text.