Uttaradhyayan Sutra

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, the Uttaradhyayan Sutra, based on the Gujarati translation and commentary by Dr. Bhogilal J. Sandesara:

Book Title: Uttaradhyayan Sutra (with original text and Gujarati translation with commentary) Author/Commentator: Dr. Bhogilal J. Sandesara Publisher: Gujarat Vidyasabha, Ahmedabad Publication Year: 1952 (V.S. 2008) Content: The book contains the first 18 chapters (adhyayan) of the Uttaradhyayan Sutra.

Overall Introduction & Significance:

The Uttaradhyayan Sutra is presented as one of the most respected, ancient, and popular texts within Jain Agam literature. It is included among the four fundamental sutras of Jainism. The text comprises 36 chapters, with most of the earlier ones belonging to the most ancient stratum of Agam literature in terms of language and subject matter. Some chapters are said to be derived from lost Angas, such as the twelfth Anga, Drishtivada. The Sutra is also known as "Apashta Vyakarana" (unexplained grammar) because it is believed to have been delivered by Lord Mahavir in his final sermons without extensive commentary.

The Uttaradhyayan Sutra does not present a continuous, logical exposition of a single subject. Instead, it is a collection of 36 distinct pieces related to Jain religious themes, predominantly in verse, but with some prose. Scholars do not consider these to be from a single period or author. The older sections include teachings addressed to ascetics, illustrative stories, historical dialogues, and ancient narratives, considered excellent examples of ancient Indian Shramanic poetry. This poetry, with its emphasis on detachment, was a common heritage of Jain, Buddhist, and Brahmanical traditions.

This specific publication provides a commentary-annotated Gujarati translation of the first 18 chapters. The translator emphasizes the need for literal translations of Agam texts that are aided by older commentaries and also consider new insights from linguistic and historical research. The inclusion of the original sutra alongside the translation is seen as beneficial for students.

Summary of the Translated Chapters (1-18):

The summary below is based on the translated content of the first 18 chapters:

• Chapter 1: Vinay (Discipline/Conduct)

  • Emphasizes the importance of discipline (vinay) for ascetics, highlighting characteristics of a disciplined disciple (obedient, attentive to guru's gestures, understanding nuances) versus an undisciplined one (disobedient, argumentative, ignorant).
  • Compares undisciplined disciples to stray dogs, to be cast out.
  • Contrasts those who abandon the "husks" of rice (implying good deeds) to eat the "dung" (bad deeds) with those who abandon virtue for vice.
  • Advocates for discipline and virtue, encouraging learning from examples of dogs, pigs, and humans who suffer for their actions.
  • Stresses the need for calmness, non-talkativeness, learning meaningful things, discarding the meaningless, and practicing patience when admonished.
  • Advises against associating with the lowly, engaging in laughter or play with them, performing base actions, or engaging in excessive talk.
  • Encourages diligent study, contemplation, honesty about one's actions (admitting what was done, denying what was not), and avoiding the need for constant correction like a spoiled horse.
  • Highlights that calm disciples please even the angry, while restless ones provoke the gentle.
  • Stresses self-control, as the self is the greatest obstacle.
  • Warns against acting against the wise, whether openly or secretly.
  • Details proper conduct around a guru: not sitting too close, not touching thighs, not answering while seated, not sitting with legs extended or in specific postures in front of the guru.
  • Advocates for attentive listening, prompt response, respectful questioning, and proper understanding of scriptures and their meanings.
  • Emphasizes abstaining from falsehood, definitive speech, harmful speech, and deceit.
  • Advises against speaking with or staying alone with a woman in secluded places or public ways.
  • Encourages accepting teachings from the wise with diligence, whether they are gentle or harsh.
  • Advises against being proud, envious, or disrespectful to elders.
  • Concludes by stating that the learned disciple who lives by these principles gains fame, becomes a refuge for living beings, and attains liberation after observing virtues, vows, and meditative practices.

• Chapter 2: Parishaha (Endurances/Trials)

  • Introduces the concept of 22 "Parishaha" (trials or inflictions) described by Lord Mahavir, which a monk must endure to remain steadfast in their spiritual path.
  • Lists the 22 Parishaha: hunger, thirst, cold, heat, insect bites (flies, mosquitoes), nudity, lack of satisfaction, woman, wandering, sleeping discomfort, sitting discomfort, hitting, begging, lack of gain, sickness, hardships from things like grass/thorns, dirt/filth, praise/insult, knowledge, ignorance, and seeing (of wrong views).
  • Each Parishaha is then elaborated with advice on how a monk should endure them with equanimity, self-control, and spiritual awareness, without succumbing to despair, anger, or attachment. Examples include not cutting plants even when hungry, not drinking cold water when thirsty but seeking treated water, not lamenting the cold, not seeking relief from heat, tolerating insect bites without harming them, not feeling shame in nudity, not getting bored, remaining detached from women, enduring discomforts of wandering and sleeping places, and not reacting to insults or blows.
  • The emphasis is on maintaining mental composure, detachment, and unwavering commitment to the spiritual path despite physical and mental afflictions.

• Chapter 3: Chaturangiya (Four Limbs/Elements)

  • Highlights the rarity of four essential elements for spiritual attainment in the world: human birth, right conduct, faith, and valor in self-control.
  • Explains that beings wander through various life forms (gods, hellish beings, animals) due to their karmas.
  • Describes how beings reincarnate into different castes, species, and states of existence based on their actions.
  • Emphasizes that karma is the cause of suffering and transmigration.
  • States that after exhausting negative karmas, purified beings attain human birth.
  • Stresses the rarity of hearing the Dharma even after obtaining human birth, and even rarer is faith in it.
  • Highlights the difficulty of practicing self-control even after hearing and believing in the Dharma.
  • Concludes that a human being who hears the Dharma, has faith, and practices discipline with valor sheds karmic impurities and attains liberation.
  • Uses the analogy of ghee-fed fire burning brightly and reaching the ultimate state to describe the soul's progression through disciplined practice.

• Chapter 4: Asamskrita (Uncreated/Unprepared)

  • Warns against procrastination and attachment, emphasizing the impermanence of life and the inevitability of old age and death.
  • Uses the analogy of the mythical "Bharund bird" with multiple heads and beaks, which must be constantly vigilant to survive, to stress the importance of constant awareness and effort in spiritual practice.
  • Advises against attachment to worldly possessions, relationships, and sensual pleasures, which are temporary and ultimately lead to suffering.
  • Critiques those who rely on external rituals or philosophical debates without genuine spiritual practice.
  • Encourages self-reflection, understanding the true nature of reality, and detachment from transient worldly phenomena.
  • Stresses that true happiness and liberation are achieved through self-control, renunciation, and constant vigilance against the onslaught of passions and worldly distractions.
  • Admonishes against false philosophies and encourages adherence to the teachings of the Tirthankaras.

• Chapter 5: Akamamaraniya (Unwilled Death / Voluntary Death)

  • Distinguishes between two types of death: Akama-marana (unwilled or unintentional death, often due to ignorance or passions) and Sakama-marana (willed or voluntary death, achieved through spiritual practice and detachment).
  • Describes Akama-marana as the death of the ignorant (bala), driven by worldly desires, who accumulate negative karma and face suffering in hellish realms. They regret their actions and ignorance when death approaches.
  • Details the cycle of suffering caused by attachment to sensual pleasures, accumulation of karma, and ignorance of the consequences.
  • Presents Sakama-marana as the death of the wise (pandita), who practice self-control, detachment, and austerity. They approach death with equanimity, understanding, and a sense of completion of their spiritual journey.
  • Uses analogies like a cart driver avoiding a bad road to illustrate the wisdom of choosing the right spiritual path and avoiding the pitfalls of worldly desires.
  • Highlights the rarity of attaining human birth and the importance of using this precious opportunity for spiritual growth, rather than being consumed by fleeting pleasures.
  • Emphasizes that true spiritual progress leads to a state where one is not subject to the whims of desire or the fear of death.
  • Contrasts the actions and destinies of the ignorant (who suffer) and the wise (who attain liberation).

• Chapter 6: Kshullaka Nirgranthiya (The Minor Ascetic)

  • Focuses on the negative consequences of ignorance and attachment, leading to suffering throughout the cycle of rebirth.
  • Emphasizes that worldly possessions, relationships, and even one's own body are impermanent and cannot provide lasting protection from suffering.
  • Stresses the importance of compassion, non-violence, and detachment from all beings and actions that cause harm.
  • Warns against accumulating even the smallest amount of unwanted karma, likening it to taking a single blade of grass without permission.
  • Criticizes those who claim to follow the Dharma but do not practice it, living by mere words and empty rituals.
  • Highlights the futility of actions performed without proper understanding and ethical conduct.
  • Advises against greed, anger, delusion, and other passions that bind the soul to the cycle of suffering.
  • Encourages a life of simplicity, self-control, and diligent adherence to the principles of the Dharma to overcome ignorance and attain liberation.

• Chapter 7: Elaka (The Goat Analogy)

  • Uses the analogy of a goat raised for sacrifice to illustrate the fate of those who are ignorant and driven by worldly desires.
  • The goat is pampered and fattened, only to be killed for a feast. Similarly, those engrossed in sensual pleasures and worldly pursuits, despite their apparent comfort, are destined for suffering (hellish realms) due to their accumulated negative karma.
  • Contrasts this with the spiritual path, where renunciation and self-control lead to liberation.
  • The chapter also implicitly criticizes rituals and practices that are not aligned with true spiritual understanding and ethical conduct.
  • It highlights the impermanence of worldly pleasures and the ultimate suffering that awaits those who are attached to them.
  • The analogy serves as a stark warning against a life lived without spiritual awareness and ethical restraint.

• Chapter 8: Kapilaiya (Related to Kapila)

  • Features the story of King Nemi, who, after a profound spiritual awakening, renounces his worldly life.
  • The dialogue between King Nemi and Indra (disguised as a Brahmin) explores the nature of reality, the impermanence of worldly pleasures, and the superiority of spiritual practices like self-control, austerity, and detachment.
  • Indra initially tries to dissuade Nemi from renunciation by highlighting the comforts of worldly life and the perceived duties of a king.
  • Nemi, however, through his deep spiritual insight, consistently refutes Indra's arguments, emphasizing that true happiness and liberation lie in renouncing worldly attachments and cultivating inner strength and spiritual knowledge.
  • The chapter showcases the philosophical arguments for renunciation and the pursuit of spiritual liberation, contrasting the fleeting nature of worldly pursuits with the eternal bliss of the soul.
  • Nemi's steadfastness in his spiritual conviction against Indra's worldly temptations is a central theme.

• Chapter 9: Nami Pravrajya (Nemi's Renunciation)

  • This chapter continues the narrative of King Nemi's spiritual journey.
  • It details the conversation between King Nemi and Indra, where Indra, in various guises, attempts to test Nemi's resolve and dissuade him from renunciation.
  • Indra presents worldly arguments about royal duties, family obligations, the comforts of wealth, and the perceived benefits of worldly life.
  • Nemi, however, consistently refutes these arguments with profound spiritual wisdom, highlighting the impermanence of worldly possessions and pleasures, the illusory nature of material attachments, and the ultimate suffering they bring.
  • He emphasizes that true strength lies in self-control, detachment, and the pursuit of spiritual knowledge, which leads to liberation.
  • The chapter showcases Nemi's unwavering commitment to the Dharma and his profound understanding of the spiritual path, ultimately leading him to renounce his kingdom and embrace asceticism.

• Chapter 10: Kshullaka Nirgrantha (This seems to be a duplicate entry or mislabeling, as Chapter 6 also has this title. Based on the summary, this section focuses on the impermanence of life and the importance of vigilance.)

  • Uses analogies like falling leaves and morning dew to illustrate the transient nature of human life.
  • Warns against wasting even a moment on heedlessness, given the brevity and fragility of life.
  • Stresses the importance of spiritual vigilance and effort, comparing the monk to the mythical Bharund bird.
  • Emphasizes the rarity of human birth and the Dharma, urging listeners not to squander this precious opportunity.
  • Highlights the long durations beings spend in lower realms (earth, water, fire, air, plants, insects, etc.) due to karmic consequences.
  • Contrasts the fleeting nature of human life and worldly pleasures with the eternal pursuit of liberation.
  • Advises against attachment to sensual desires and encourages constant remembrance of the Dharma and the path to salvation.

• Chapter 11: Bahushruta (The Learned/The Well-Read)

  • Focuses on the characteristics and conduct of a learned and virtuous monk.
  • Defines a learned monk (Bahushruta) through analogies:
    • Like milk in a conch shell, his penance, fame, and knowledge are pleasing and untainted.
    • Like fine horses from Kamboj or Iran, he excels in speed and grace.
    • Like an elephant with many tusks and a skilled rider, he is strong and controlled.
    • Like a brave warrior with a skilled horse and charioteer, he is adept in spiritual combat.
    • Like a magnificent elephant surrounded by female elephants, he is dignified.
    • Like a powerful bull, he is respected.
    • Like a strong lion, he is fearsome to enemies.
    • Like a powerful hero wielding celestial weapons, he is formidable.
    • Like a Chakravarti (universal monarch) with vast treasures, he is endowed with spiritual wealth.
    • Like Indra, he is surrounded by celestial beings and commands respect.
    • Like the sun, he dispels darkness.
    • Like the moon, he shines with serene brilliance.
    • Like a prosperous communal storehouse, he is filled with spiritual resources.
    • Like the Jambu tree, he is a source of great virtue.
    • Like the Sita river, he flows with purifying virtue.
    • Like Mount Mandara, he is adorned with the "medicines" of knowledge.
    • Like the ocean, he possesses deep wisdom and unshakeable resolve.
  • Stresses the importance of virtuous conduct, self-control, and detachment from worldly desires, as exemplified by these analogies.
  • Emphasizes that true learning is not just theoretical but is reflected in one's actions and character.

• Chapter 12: Harikeshiya (The Story of Harikeshi)

  • Narrates the story of Harikeshi, a monk born into the Chandal (outcast) caste, who achieved great spiritual merit.
  • The story highlights his encounter with a king, a proud Brahmin priest, and a Yaksha (nature spirit).
  • Despite facing insults, accusations, and physical harm from the Brahmins and their followers, Harikeshi remained steadfast in his spiritual principles, displaying remarkable patience, equanimity, and detachment.
  • The Yaksha, impressed by Harikeshi's conduct, intervened to protect him and punish the wrongdoers.
  • The chapter emphasizes that spiritual worth is not determined by birth or external appearances but by one's inner qualities, conduct, and adherence to the Dharma.
  • It showcases the power of patience, forgiveness, and unwavering faith in the face of adversity and persecution.
  • The story serves as an example of how true spiritual attainment transcends social barriers and worldly considerations.

• Chapter 13: Chitr-Sambhutiya (The Story of Chitra and Sambhuta)

  • Recounts the past lives of two brothers, Chitra and Sambhuta, who later became influential figures in the Jain tradition.
  • Their story illustrates the law of karma, the transmigration of souls, and the long cycle of rebirth driven by desires and attachments.
  • It shows how past actions (karmas and intentions or niyana) influence future births and experiences.
  • The narrative highlights the rarity of human birth, the importance of virtuous conduct, and the eventual attainment of liberation for those who diligently follow the path of righteousness.
  • It underscores the impermanence of worldly power and pleasures, and the ultimate need to renounce them for spiritual progress.

• Chapter 14: Ishukariya (The Story of Ishukari)

  • Features the narrative of King Ishukari and his interactions with his wife Kamalavati and his advisor, a Brahmin priest.
  • The chapter explores themes of renunciation, detachment from sensual pleasures, and the pursuit of spiritual liberation.
  • King Ishukari is tempted by worldly comforts and desires, while his wife Kamalavati and the monk Chitra advocate for renunciation and spiritual practice.
  • The story illustrates the consequences of attachment to worldly pleasures and the benefits of embracing the spiritual path.
  • It emphasizes that true happiness and lasting peace are found not in fleeting worldly enjoyments but in the realization of the self and the attainment of liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

• Chapter 15: Te Bhikshu (That Monk)

  • Defines the ideal conduct and characteristics of a true monk (Bhikhshu) in Jainism.
  • It outlines what a monk should and should not do, emphasizing principles of:
    • Seclusion: Living in isolated places away from women, animals, and nnpunsakes.
    • Detachment: Avoiding conversations about women, not observing them, not sitting with them, not remembering past encounters, and not indulging in frivolous activities.
    • Moderation in Food: Consuming simple, unadorned food without excessive desire or complaint, and avoiding rich or stimulating substances.
    • Renunciation of Ornaments: Avoiding personal adornment or anything that might attract attention or desire.
    • Control of Senses: Avoiding attachment to sound, form, taste, smell, and touch.
    • Equanimity: Not being disturbed by pleasant or unpleasant sensations, not being envious of others, and not reacting to anger or praise.
    • Honesty and Simplicity: Speaking truthfully, avoiding deceit, and living a simple life.
    • Service and Study: Diligently serving the guru, studying the scriptures, and reflecting on the Dharma.
  • The chapter presents a detailed code of conduct for monks, emphasizing mindfulness, self-control, and unwavering dedication to the spiritual path.

• Chapter 16: Brahmacharya Samadhina Sthane (Ten Stages of Brahmacharya Samadhi)

  • This chapter elaborates on ten stages or principles that contribute to Brahmacharya Samadhi (perfected celibacy and mental concentration).
  • It stresses the importance of:
    • Living in secluded places, free from women, animals, and nnpunsakes.
    • Avoiding conversations about women, not observing them, and not remembering past encounters.
    • Renouncing rich food and excessive indulgence.
    • Avoiding adornments and anything that might attract attention.
    • Detaching from the senses (sound, form, taste, smell, touch).
    • Maintaining equanimity and detachment in all circumstances.
    • Practicing virtues like honesty, non-violence, and contentment.
    • Serving the guru and diligently studying the scriptures.
    • Cultivating inner peace and detachment.
    • Constant vigilance and effort to protect one's spiritual path.
  • Each stage is explained with a "why" question and the guru's answer, highlighting the potential pitfalls that can arise from neglecting these principles and how adhering to them protects the monk's Brahmacharya.

• Chapter 17: Papashramaniya (The Sinful Ascetic)

  • Describes the characteristics and downfall of a "sinful ascetic" (Papashramaniya).
  • These are monks who deviate from the true path of Jain monasticism, driven by worldly desires, laziness, pride, greed, and lack of discipline.
  • The chapter lists various offenses: sleeping excessively, eating sumptuously, disrespecting gurus, harming living beings, not cleaning their belongings, being impatient, argumentative, envious, deceitful, and clinging to worldly comforts.
  • It warns that such monks, despite their outward appearance, lead to their own downfall and suffer greatly in this life and the next.
  • The chapter serves as a cautionary tale, emphasizing the importance of sincere devotion, discipline, and ethical conduct in monastic life.

• Chapter 18: Sanjadiya (The Story of King Sanjaya)

  • Recounts the story of King Sanjaya of Kampilya, who, while on a hunting expedition, accidentally kills a deer and encounters a meditating ascetic.
  • The king, upon realizing his error and witnessing the ascetic's profound detachment and spiritual poise, is deeply remorseful.
  • He seeks forgiveness and guidance from the ascetic.
  • The ascetic imparts spiritual wisdom to the king, emphasizing the impermanence of life, the consequences of karma, the futility of worldly pursuits, and the importance of renunciation, self-control, and the Dharma.
  • The story highlights the transformative power of spiritual teachings and the possibility of redemption through sincere reflection and devotion.
  • It also touches upon philosophical debates about reality and the path to liberation, showcasing the king's journey from ignorance to spiritual understanding.

This summary provides a foundational understanding of the Uttaradhyayan Sutra as presented in this Gujarati translation, focusing on the ethical teachings, spiritual principles, and narratives contained within the first 18 chapters.