Udisa Me Jain Dharm - Book Summary

Here is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Udisa me Jain Dharm" by Lakshminarayan Shah, based on the provided content:

Book Title: Udisa me Jain Dharm (Jainism in Odisha) Author: Lakshminarayan Shah Publisher: Akhil Vishwa Jain Mission Catalog Link: https://jainqq.org/explore/010143/1

This book, published by the Akhil Vishwa Jain Mission, explores the significant history and influence of Jainism in the region historically known as Kalinga, and presently as Odisha. The author, Dr. Lakshminarayan Shah, a renowned scholar and recipient of the "Itihas Ratna" title for this work, extensively researched the topic, culminating in a doctoral thesis.

Key Themes and Arguments:

Ancient Origins in Kalinga: The text establishes that Jainism has an extremely ancient presence in Kalinga. The famous Hathigumpha inscription is cited, which states that the "victory wheel of Jainism began to turn from Kumari Parvat." The inscription also highlights the deep reverence for the Ay-jin Rishabh (likely referring to Tirthankar Rishabhdev) as a national treasure of Kalinga, which was later taken to Pataliputra by a Nanda king. King Kharavela's military expeditions were instrumental in bringing this national symbol back to Kalinga.
Tirthankaras' Connection to Kalinga: It is mentioned that Tirthankar Rishabhdev and later Tirthankar Mahavir both visited and preached Jainism in Kalinga. Mahavir's maternal uncle, Jitrashatru, is noted as ruling Kalinga during Mahavir's time.
The Influence of Jainism on Kalinga: For centuries, Jainism held significant sway over the lives of people in Kalinga. Although its influence waned in the medieval period, its impact on folk life remained strong. The book notes that even today, a significant portion of the population in Odisha comprises ancient Jain devotees (Shravaks).
King Kharavela: A Jain Champion: A central figure in the book is Emperor Kharavela, a celebrated and renowned ruler of Kalinga, who was a devout follower of Jainism. His lineage continued to uphold Jainism for centuries. Kharavela's prowess as a conqueror is highlighted, with accounts of his military might deterring foreign invaders. The book aims to fill a void by providing a detailed account of this great Jain ruler and the Jain influence in Kalinga in the Hindi language.
Interconnection of Religions and Philosophical Roots: The book delves into the philosophical underpinnings of Jainism, tracing its potential roots to ancient civilizations and its relationship with other religions like Buddhism and Brahmanism.
- Jainism as a Foundational Spiritual Religion: The author posits that Jainism is a foundational spiritual religion of the world, predating even the establishment of Vedic traditions in India. It is suggested that it might have existed among the pre-Vedic people, possibly the Dravidians.
- Jainism and Buddhism: The text explores the idea that Buddhism emerged from Jainism. Lord Mahavir is identified as the last propagator of Jainism in India, and Buddha is seen as having adopted a middle path. The influence of Jainism on Buddhism is discussed, with the potential that some Jain ascetics were understood as Hinayana Buddhists. The author critiques 19th-century European scholars who incorrectly propagated the idea of Jainism originating from Buddhism.
- Influence on Other Traditions: The book touches upon the broader impact of Jainism on various cultural and religious practices, including:
  - The concept of "Jagannath": The word "Jagannath" is linked to Jain terminology, possibly relating to Rishabhnath, signifying the "Sun-Lord" or the "life-giving man of the world."
  - The Tooth Relic (Dant): The narrative of the Buddha's tooth relic and its journey, including its connection to Kalinga and Ceylon, is discussed, suggesting that the Jagannath tradition might have Jain origins.
  - Philosophical Concepts: The book highlights the core Jain philosophical concepts of Syadvada (theory of manifold aspects) and Anekantavada (non-absolutism), explaining how these principles promote tolerance and understanding.
  - Ethical Principles: The emphasis on Ahimsa (non-violence) is a recurring theme, with examples of Jain practices like avoiding eating after dark to prevent harming insects and filtering water.
  - Shared Symbols and Practices: The text draws parallels between Jain symbols and practices and those found in other Indian traditions, suggesting a shared cultural heritage influenced by Jainism. Examples include the swastika, the concept of kalpavriksha (wish-fulfilling tree), and the reverence for certain deities and rituals.
  - Influence on Greek and Western Thought: The author also suggests a possible influence of Jainism on ancient Greek philosophers like Pythagoras and later thinkers, citing concepts like vegetarianism and the immortality of the soul.
Historical Evidence and Dating: The book meticulously analyzes historical sources, including inscriptions like the Hathigumpha inscription, Puranas, travelogues of foreign travelers (Greek, Chinese), and Jain scriptures (Angas and Purvas). The dating of King Kharavela is a significant focus, with discussions on various scholarly opinions and their interpretations of the available evidence to establish his reign in the first century BCE.
Art and Architecture: The book details the art and architecture of Jainism in Odisha, with a particular focus on the caves of Khandagiri and Udayagiri. These rock-cut caves, adorned with sculptures and inscriptions, serve as a testament to the grandeur of Jainism in the region. The artistry in these caves, including their structural design and the depiction of Jain narratives, is described in detail.
The Pantheon of Jainism: The text provides extensive information on the Jain Tirthankaras, their lineages, symbols, and associated Yakshas and Yakshinis. It also lists the classifications of divine beings (Yakshas, Dikpalas, Vidyadevis) in Jainism.
Jainism's Spread and Decline: The book traces the spread of Jainism across different parts of India, including South India, and its presence in other countries. It also discusses the factors contributing to its decline in Odisha, attributing it in part to the rise of Vaishnavism and possibly the strictness of Jain practices.
The Author's Background and Contribution: Dr. Lakshminarayan Shah's dedication to this research is highlighted, including his personal struggles, his commitment to social service, and his prolific writing career. The book itself is a testament to his scholarly endeavor and his contribution to understanding Jainism's historical role in Odisha.

In essence, "Udisa me Jain Dharm" presents a compelling case for the profound and ancient roots of Jainism in Odisha, championed by illustrious rulers like Kharavela, and deeply interwoven with the region's cultural and religious fabric. The book serves as a valuable resource for understanding the historical significance of Jainism and its enduring legacy.