Tithi Prakashan Hakikat Ane Itihas - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Tithi Prakashan Hakikat ane Itihas" by Bhuvanchandra, focusing on the historical and doctrinal disputes regarding the determination of Jain festival dates (tithis):

The book, "Tithi Prakashan Hakikat ane Itihas" (The Truth and History of Determining Festival Dates), authored by Bhuvanchandra and published by Harshpushpamrut Jain Granthmala, delves into the complex and often contentious history of how Jain tithis (specific days for religious observances) have been determined, particularly in relation to the Chaturmas (monsoon period) and the observance of Samvatsari (the annual repentance day).

The author, Pujya Muniraj Shri Bhuvanchandravijayji Maharaj, addresses the significant disagreements within the Jain Sangh regarding the proper way to calculate and observe these important dates. He aims to clarify these differences by presenting historical facts and scriptural interpretations to promote unity and adherence to the true principles of Jainism.

Key Historical Developments and Disputes:

Early Practices and Divergences: The text traces the origins of these debates back to around the year 1935 (Samvat 1935). A significant schism occurred when Pujya Sagarji Maharaj differed from the prevailing practice of observing Samvatsari on Bhadra Shukla Panchami (the fifth day of the bright half of Bhadrapad) if it was a day without any celestial tithi decay (avyaabaadh). Sagarji Maharaj advocated for adherence to the principle of "Udayaat Chaturthi" (observing the festival on the fourth day if it rose on that day) even if it meant deviating from the Panchami.
The "Udayaat" vs. "Kshay" Debate: A central point of contention revolves around the concept of "Udayaat" (the tithi that rises on the day) versus "Kshay" (when a tithi decays or is missing). The debate intensified in years like 1952 (Samvat 1952) and 1992 (Samvat 1992) when Bhadra Shukla Panchami had a decay. While some adhered to observing the festival on the day where Panchami was present without decay (Pujya NemiSuri Maharaj being an example), others, like Pujya Sagarji Maharaj, continued to advocate for the "Udayaat Chaturthi" principle, even if it meant observing on the fourth day. This led to different groups observing Samvatsari on different days in the same year.
The Role of Key Figures:
- Pujya Sagarji Maharaj: He is presented as a central figure in advocating for the "Udayaat Chaturthi" principle. His actions, like creating two "Tritiya" (third day) observances in 1952, led to one group observing Samvatsari on the first Panchami and another on the second.
- Pujya NemiSuri Maharaj: He and his followers followed a rule where if two "Shashthi" (sixth day) could be found in the calendar, they would choose the latter, adhering to the "Udayaat" principle.
- Pujya HeerSuri Maharaj: In his time, the practice of observing on the Udayaat Bhadra Shukla Chaturthi was considered natural and without issues. The text mentions a question posed to him about observing Samvatsari on the first Panchami even if it was a decay, and he clarified that if Panchami was considered primary by someone, they could observe it, but if it was a decay, they should follow the "Udayaat" principle.
The Influence of Patronage and Authority: The text highlights how, in certain periods, the decisions of influential lay patrons (like Kasturbhai) and the authority of the "Pujya" (senior monks) heavily influenced the Sangh's practices. In 1992, Kasturbhai felt compelled to issue a public statement, and in 1993, he observed Udayaat Chaturthi. However, later, he admitted to being deceived by the terminology used in discussions. The influence of the "Shri Pujyos" (a group of senior monks who held significant sway) is also mentioned, where their diktats were followed even by learned and renunciate monks.
The "Janmabhumi" Panchang: In 2014 (Samvat 2014), there was an attempt to unify practices by accepting the "Janmabhumi" Panchang, but this led to further uproar and debate.
The Mediation Efforts: In an effort to resolve the disputes, mediation was initiated between Pujya Sagarji Maharaj and Pujya Ramchandra Suri Maharaj, with the support of figures like Kasturbhai and the blessings of other revered monks. This led to written agreements and discussions, with the ultimate goal of establishing a unified approach to tithi determination.
Scriptural Principles: The text repeatedly refers to key scriptural principles, such as "Kshaye Poorva Tithihi Karya, Vriddhau Karya Tad-Uttara" (In case of decay, observe the previous tithi; in case of augmentation, observe the following tithi). It also discusses the interpretation of these verses, particularly concerning the "Udayaat" principle and the determination of tithis during tithi decay or augmentation.
The Importance of "Udayaat" and "Avyabaadh": The core of many disagreements lies in whether to prioritize the tithi that "rises" (Udayaat) on a particular day or to consider the tithi that is present without decay. The text emphasizes that the concept of "Avyabaadh" (without decay) is crucial for proper observance.
Historical References and Citations: The book cites numerous other Jain texts, commentaries, and authoritative figures from various centuries (from the 17th century onwards) to support its arguments and provide historical context. These include works by Umaswati, Heer Vijay Suri, Dharma Sagarji, Vinay Vijayji, and others, reflecting the long-standing nature of these discussions.
Modern Era and Proposed Solutions: The text details the efforts in the modern era (from 1952 onwards) to resolve these issues through discussions, conferences, and mediation. The ultimate aim is to foster peace, unity, and correct observance within the Jain community, guided by scriptural principles.

Core Message and Conclusion:

The book underscores the importance of understanding the historical context and scriptural basis for determining Jain tithis. It highlights the need for critical thinking, adherence to truth, and a commitment to unity within the Sangh. The author encourages readers to study the texts, engage in respectful dialogue, and prioritize correct observance over personal pride or factionalism. The ultimate goal is to ensure that all Jain practices are conducted in accordance with the true spirit of the faith, leading to spiritual benefit for all. The author expresses hope that by presenting this history, the Sangh can achieve peace, unity, and proper adherence to practices.