Tirthankar Mahavira

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Tirthankar Mahavira," based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Tirthankar Mahavira Author(s): Madhukarmuni, Ratanmuni, Shreechand Surana Publisher: Sanmati Gyan Pith Agra

This book, published in September 1974 (2500th Nirvana anniversary of Lord Mahavira), aims to present an authentic biography of Lord Mahavira. It is a collaborative effort of five Jain publication societies, signifying a unified approach to literary endeavors within the community. The goal is to avoid repetition, consolidate efforts, and ensure a consistent, comprehensive, and high-quality presentation of Mahavira's life and teachings.

Core Themes and Content:

The book delves into the life and philosophy of Lord Mahavira, highlighting him not just as an individual but as a universal soul. It emphasizes his teachings' dual impact: awakening the inner consciousness of the individual and dispelling societal ignorance. Mahavira's spiritual insights are presented as timeless and universal, transcending caste, creed, and geographical boundaries. His core message, that every soul is inherently divine and capable of achieving godhood, is a central tenet.

Key Aspects Covered:

1. Jainism's Philosophical Foundation: The text begins by outlining the fundamental principles of Jainism, contrasting it with other religions. It clarifies Jainism's core tenet of Atmavada (Soul-centric philosophy) over Paramatmavada (God-centric philosophy), emphasizing that the soul itself, through purification and development, can attain the state of the soul. The principle of "Appa Karta Vikarta Cha" (The soul is its own creator and destroyer) is highlighted.

2. Lord Mahavira's Previous Lives: The book details significant events from Mahavira's previous births, viewing them as crucial stages in his spiritual journey towards enlightenment. These past lives illustrate the principles of spiritual evolution, the consequences of karma, and the power of human endeavor. Key previous lives discussed include:

   • Naysar: A village chief who, through serving Jain monks, gained right perception (Samyakdarshan) and initiated his path to Tirthankarhood.
   • Marichi: The son of Chakravarti Bharat and grandson of Lord Rishabhnath. Marichi, despite his sharp intellect, deviated from strict asceticism due to body-consciousness and ego, leading to a simpler, though ultimately flawed, path. This life illustrates the pitfalls of ego and the need for consistent adherence to principles. He is prophesied to become the 24th Tirthankar, Vardhamana.
   • Triprishtha: The first Vasudeva and later a king. His life showcases immense strength and valor, but also the dangers of anger and cruelty, leading to downfall. This narrative emphasizes how even great powers can be misused, leading to severe karmic consequences.
   • Vishvabhuti: The story highlights the destructive nature of anger and pride, even after taking to asceticism. His uncontrolled anger leads to the destruction of his spiritual merits.
   • Nandan: A prince who lived a life of virtue, service, and devotion, eventually earning the Tirthankar-hood merit. His story emphasizes the importance of consistent spiritual practice and meritorious deeds over multiple lifetimes.

3. Mahavira's Birth and Childhood: The text describes Mahavira's birth in Vaishali, a prosperous republic, to King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala. It touches upon the fourteen auspicious dreams Queen Trishala had, signifying Mahavira's destiny. His childhood demonstrates his inherent strength, courage, and detachment, foreshadowing his later spiritual prowess. The event where he controlled a wild elephant and tamed a fierce serpent (Chandkoushik) are highlighted as examples of his extraordinary abilities and compassionate nature.

4. Mahavira's Sadhana (Spiritual Practice): This section details the arduous and intense spiritual practices undertaken by Mahavira for twelve and a half years. It describes his unwavering commitment, enduring immense physical hardships, hostile encounters with humans and supernatural beings, and his mastery over his senses and emotions. Key aspects include:

   • Extreme Austerities: Enduring cold without clothing, meditating in harsh conditions, minimal and indifferent eating habits (eating whatever was available without preference).
   • Non-violence (Ahimsa): His practice of Ahimsa was so profound that he would even avoid disturbing insects.
   • Equanimity (Samata): His ability to remain calm and detached amidst extreme suffering, insults, and physical attacks.
   • Self-control (Manonigraha): His continuous effort to control his mind and senses.
   • Courage and Detachment: His willingness to face danger and suffering without flinching, exemplifying his bravery and detachment from the physical body.
   • Devotional Encounters: Instances of divine intervention and beings acknowledging his spiritual stature are mentioned.

5. Mahavira's Teachings and Philosophy: The book elaborates on Mahavira's core philosophical contributions:

   • Anekantavada: The principle of multiple perspectives and the relativity of truth.
   • Syadvada: The doctrine of conditional predication, acknowledging that statements are true only from a particular viewpoint.
   • Karma Siddhanta: The law of karma, explaining how actions lead to consequences and the cycle of birth and death.
   • Atma (Soul): The nature of the soul, its inherent divinity, and the path to its liberation.
   • Ahimsa (Non-violence): The paramount importance of non-violence in thought, word, and deed.
   • Asceticism and Renunciation: The path of strict discipline, detachment from worldly possessions, and rigorous austerities as a means to spiritual purification.
   • Social Reform: Mahavira's challenge to the caste system, his advocacy for the rights of women and the downtrodden, and his emphasis on ethical conduct in social and political life.

6. The Four-Fold Community (Sangha): The establishment of the Jain Sangha, comprising monks (shramanas), nuns (shramanis), laymen (shravakas), and laywomen (shravikas), is described. The organizational structure and the emphasis on self-discipline and spiritual seniority (based on conduct, not age or birth) are highlighted.

7. Gautama, the Chief Disciple: The text narrates the intellectual transformation of Indrabhuti Gautama, a renowned Vedic scholar, who, after a profound philosophical debate with Mahavira, became his chief disciple and the first Gandhara of the Jain tradition. This signifies the triumph of Mahavira's rational and experiential approach over rigid traditionalism.

8. Prominent Lay Disciples: The book showcases the lives of key lay followers like Ananda, Kamadeva, Madhuk, Kundakolika, and Shalibhadra, illustrating how individuals from various backgrounds embraced Jain principles, practiced moderation in their worldly lives, and attained spiritual progress. Their stories highlight the practical application of Jain ethics in daily life.

9. Jainism's Influence on Society and Politics: The text touches upon Mahavira's impact on the socio-political landscape of his time, including his role in advocating for peace and resolving conflicts, albeit indirectly through his spiritual influence.

Overall Significance:

"Tirthankar Mahavira" aims to be a definitive resource for understanding Lord Mahavira's life, the foundational principles of Jainism, and the spiritual journey towards liberation. It presents a blend of historical accounts, philosophical expositions, and spiritual guidance, making it a valuable text for both academic study and personal spiritual growth. The book emphasizes the practical application of Jain principles in overcoming life's challenges and achieving ultimate spiritual freedom.