Tirthankar

Here is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Tirthankar" by Sumeruchand Diwakar Shastri:

Title: Tirthankar (तीर्थंकर) Author: Pandit Sumeruchand Diwakar Shastri Publisher: Tin Chaubisi Kalpavruksh Shodh Samiti, Jaipur

This book, "Tirthankar," is a scholarly and devotional work by Pandit Sumeruchand Diwakar Shastri, dedicated to the lives and significance of the Tirthankaras in Jainism. The publisher, Tin Chaubisi Kalpavruksh Shodh Samiti, Jaipur, presents this work as a valuable contribution to Jain literature.

Core Theme: The central theme of the book is the profound spiritual journey and teachings of the Tirthankaras, the enlightened beings who guide humanity across the ocean of existence (Samsara). The author meticulously details the "Panch Kalyanaks" (Five Auspicious Events) that mark the life of each Tirthankara, from conception to liberation.

Key Aspects and Content:

1. Introduction and Definition of Tirthankara:

   • The book begins by establishing the concept of "Tirth" in Jainism, defining it as a spiritual path and the community that follows it.
   • A "Tirthankara" is defined as one who establishes and propagates this "Tirth," leading beings across the cycle of birth and death. Their role is to guide souls towards liberation through their divine teachings.
   • The author clarifies that Jainism is an ancient religion, tracing its origins to the first Tirthankara, Lord Rishabhadeva, and dispelling the misconception that Lord Mahavira was the founder.
   • The text discusses the concept of "Panch Kalyanaks" and highlights the spiritual significance of each event.

2. The Panch Kalyanaks (Five Auspicious Events): The book provides detailed descriptions of these five pivotal moments in a Tirthankara's life:

   • Garbha Kalyanak (Conception): This section describes the auspicious signs and divine phenomena that occur when a soul destined to become a Tirthankara descends into its mother's womb. The text touches upon the beauty of the birthplace, divine showers of jewels, and the immaculate conception.
   • Janma Kalyanak (Birth): This chapter details the glorious birth of a Tirthankara, including celestial processions, the divine bathing on Mount Meru, the birth ceremonies, the splendor of the birth city, and the joy experienced by the parents and the entire world. It explains the divine attributes and auspicious signs associated with a Tirthankara's birth, their extraordinary physical characteristics, and their unique spiritual influence from birth.
   • Tapa Kalyanak (Renunciation/Asceticism): This extensive section focuses on the Tirthankara's decision to renounce worldly life. It covers their deep renunciation, the ceremony of initiation, the practice of severe austerities (tapasya), the attainment of omniscience (Keval Gyan), and the development of their pure, detached conduct (Virag Vriti). The text discusses the spiritual practices, the attainment of knowledge, and the unwavering detachment that characterizes this stage. It also elaborates on the concept of "Dan Tirthankara" when discussing King Shreyams, who offered sugarcane juice.
   • Jnana Kalyanak (Omniscience): This chapter details the attainment of Keval Gyan (omniscience) and the subsequent establishment of the "Samavasharan," the divine assembly where the Tirthankara delivers sermons. The structure and significance of the Samavasharan, including the twelve assemblies, divine musical instruments, celestial umbrellas, fly-whisks, the divine sound (Divya Dhwani), and the presence of various beings are described. The author explains the nature of the Divine Speech and its impact.
   • Nirvana Kalyanak (Liberation): This final section describes the Tirthankara's ultimate liberation from the cycle of birth and death. It details their attainment of the Siddha state, their abode in the Siddha Shila, their eternal peace, and their non-return to the cycle of rebirth. The text distinguishes between Nirvana and ordinary death.

3. Tirthankara Nature and Causes:

   • The book delves into the "Tirthankara Prakriti" (the karma that leads to becoming a Tirthankara), explaining that it is attained through profound spiritual practices and the cultivation of sixteen specific virtues or sentiments ("Solah Karan Bhavana").
   • These virtues include philosophical purity (Darshan Vishuddhi), humility, adherence to vows, continuous spiritual knowledge, inner fervor (Samvega), charity, austerity, service to the monastic community, devotion to the Arhats, Acharyas, learned monks, and the Jain scriptures, and propagation of Jainism.
   • The author emphasizes that the Tirthankara path is exceptionally rare, achieved by only a few souls over vast periods.

4. Historical and Comparative Aspects:

   • The text frequently draws parallels and distinctions between Jainism and other ancient Indian traditions, particularly Vedic and Buddhist philosophies.
   • It discusses the historical evidence and interpretations suggesting the antiquity of Jainism, referencing archaeological findings and scholarly opinions (like Dr. Heinrich Zimmer's).
   • The book highlights the connection between the Tirthankaras and figures in Vedic literature, such as Rishabhadeva being considered an avatar of Vishnu in some Hindu scriptures, underscoring the shared roots or influences.
   • It addresses the significance of the number twenty-four, noting its presence in other religious traditions as well.

5. Theological and Philosophical Concepts:

   • The book explains the Jain understanding of the soul, karma, liberation, and the nature of reality.
   • It emphasizes the core Jain principles of Ahimsa (non-violence), Anekanta (non-absolutism), and Aparigraha (non-possession) as central to the Tirthankaras' teachings.
   • The author explains the meaning of "Arhant" and "Siddha" and the significance of the Namokar Mantra.

6. Cultural and Societal Influence:

   • The text touches upon the societal contributions of the Tirthankaras, such as establishing social order, introducing systems of governance, and providing essential knowledge for livelihood (like agriculture and trade).
   • It discusses the concept of "Varna Vyavastha" (social classification) as propounded by Lord Rishabhadeva, explaining its purpose and philosophical underpinnings within the Jain context, often contrasting it with later interpretations.

7. Author's Devotion and Purpose:

   • The book is infused with the author's deep reverence for the Tirthankaras.
   • The author expresses a desire to educate the public about the true historical and spiritual significance of the Tirthankaras, dispelling myths and promoting understanding.
   • The dedication to his father, Shri Singhai Kunwarsena Ji, reflects a personal commitment to Jain heritage and culture.

Overall Significance:

"Tirthankar" by Sumeruchand Diwakar Shastri is a comprehensive and insightful exploration of the Tirthankaras. It serves as a guide for spiritual seekers, historians, and anyone interested in understanding the foundational principles and revered figures of Jainism. The author's erudition, coupled with his devotional fervor, makes this book a valuable resource for appreciating the timeless wisdom and spiritual legacy of the Tirthankaras. The endorsements from prominent figures like Rashtrakavi Maithilisharan Gupt and Dr. Radhakumud Mukherjee further attest to the book's scholarly merit and importance.