Tattvarthadhigam Sutra Shabdasha Vivechan Part 03

Tattvarthadhigam Sutra Shabdasha Vivechan Part 03: A Comprehensive Summary

This document is the third volume of a detailed commentary on the Tattvarthadhigam Sutra, authored by Acharya Umaswati. The commentary, titled "Tattvarthadhigam Sutra Shabdasha Vivechan," is meticulously crafted by Pandit Praveen Chandra Khimji Mota, with compilation by Pandit Mayankbhai Ramanikbhai Shah. Published by Gitarth Ganga, this volume specifically covers Chapters 5, 6, and 7 of the Tattvarthadhigam Sutra, offering a word-by-word elucidation.

The introductory sections of the book acknowledge the blessings and inspirations of various revered Jaina Acharyas, including Acharyadev Shri Mad Vijay Ramchandrasurishwarji Maharaj and Muni Pravar Shri Mohjitvijayji Maharaj. The publication is dedicated to the spiritual upliftment and understanding of the Jaina principles.

Key Insights from the Chapters:

Chapter 5: Elucidation of Non-Living Entities (Ajiva)

This chapter delves into the nature of non-living substances (Ajiva), which are distinct from the soul (Jiva). It systematically explains:

• The Categories of Ajiva: The five categories of Ajiva are presented: Dharma (principle of motion), Adharma (principle of rest), Akasha (space), Pudgala (matter), and Kala (time).
• The Nature of Substances (Dravya): The text clarifies that these five categories, along with Jiva (soul), constitute the seven eternal substances (Dravya) in Jain philosophy. The permanence and unchanging essence of these substances are highlighted.
• The Characteristics of Pudgala (Matter): The chapter provides a detailed explanation of Pudgala, including its various forms, such as atoms (Anu) and aggregates (Skandha). It elaborates on the qualities of matter, such as touch, taste, smell, and color, and how they are perceived.
• The Nature of Dharma, Adharma, and Akasha: The commentary explains that Dharma, Adharma, and Akasha are unique, non-living substances that pervade the universe. Dharma facilitates motion, Adharma facilitates rest, and Akasha provides space for all substances.
• The Concept of Time (Kala): The text discusses time, presenting different philosophical perspectives on whether it is an independent substance or a mode of other substances.
• The Properties of Substances: The chapter explains concepts like permanence (Nitya), state (Avasthita), formlessness (Arupa), the number of regions (Pradesha) occupied by each substance, and how they interact with each other.
• The Interdependence of Substances: It elucidates how substances like Dharma and Adharma assist Jiva and Pudgala in their respective functions of motion and change. Pudgala, in particular, is shown to be the cause of both happiness and sorrow for the soul.
• The Essence of Existence (Sat): The chapter defines existence as that which possesses creation (Utpad), destruction (Vyay), and permanence (Dhrouvya), highlighting the dynamic yet eternal nature of reality.
• The Relationship Between Substances: It explains how substances coexist and interact without losing their inherent nature.

Chapter 6: The Influx of Karma (Ashrava)

This chapter focuses on the concept of Ashrava, the influx of karmic particles into the soul, which leads to bondage.

• The Process of Ashrava: The text explains Ashrava as the activity of mind, speech, and body (Yoga). It classifies Yoga into auspicious (Punya) and inauspicious (Papa) types.
• The Role of Kasha (Passions): The chapter details how passions like anger, pride, deceit, and greed (Kasha), along with the five senses, five senses of perception, five types of vows (Avrata), and twenty-five activities, contribute to the binding of karma.
• The Nature of Karmic Bonding: It elaborates on how the intensity of passions, the nature of consciousness (Bhava), and the object of action (Adhikaraṇa) influence the type and duration of karmic bondage.
• Specific Causes of Karmic Influx: The commentary systematically links various actions and mental states to the influx of specific types of karma, such as knowledge-obscuring karma (Jnanavaraniya), perception-obscuring karma (Darshanavaraniya), feeling-producing karma (Vedaniya), delusion-producing karma (Mohaniya), and obstruction-causing karma (Antaraya karma). It also explains the causes for the influx of different types of lifespan karma (Ayushya Karma) for the four realms of existence (Naraka, Tiryancha, Manushya, Deva).
• The Formation of Subtleties: The text discusses how subtle actions and intentions lead to the binding of subtle karmic particles.

Chapter 7: Vows (Vrata) and Their Practice

This chapter elaborates on the concept of vows, which are crucial for spiritual progress and liberation.

• The Definition of Vrata (Vows): Vrata is defined as the abstention from the five deadly sins (Pāpa): violence (Himsa), falsehood (Mrushavada), stealing (Steya), unchastity (Abrahma), and excessive accumulation (Parigraha).
• Types of Vrata: The text distinguishes between partial vows (Anuvrata) and full vows (Mahavrata), undertaken by laypeople (Shravaka) and ascetics (Muni) respectively.
• The Importance of Bhavana (Meditation/Contemplation): To strengthen the vows, the chapter outlines five types of Bhavana for each vow, emphasizing the mental cultivation required for steadfast adherence. These Bhavanas help in overcoming internal weaknesses and strengthening the resolve to practice the vows.
• The Nature of the Vow-Taker (Vrati): A true vow-taker is characterized by the absence of three 'shalyas' (thorns or afflictions): Maya (deceit), Nidan (desire for worldly results from spiritual practice), and Mithya Darshan (wrong faith).
• The Finer Points of Vows: The chapter details specific transgressions (Atichara) associated with each vow, providing practical guidance on what constitutes a violation and how to avoid them. This includes explanations of the nuances of abstaining from violence, falsehood, stealing, unchastity, and possession.
• The Significance of Contemplation: The importance of contemplating the negative consequences of violating vows and the benefits of adhering to them is stressed. Contemplating the transient nature of the body, the suffering inherent in worldly existence, and the ultimate goal of liberation is presented as a means to cultivate detachment and strengthen one's commitment to the spiritual path.

Overall Significance:

This volume serves as an invaluable resource for Jaina scholars and practitioners seeking a deep and systematic understanding of the Tattvarthadhigam Sutra. The detailed commentary by Pandit Praveen Chandra Khimji Mota bridges the gap between the profound philosophical concepts and the practical application of Jain ethics and principles. It highlights the interconnectedness of the various spiritual practices and their role in the soul's journey towards liberation. The comprehensive nature of the explanation makes the intricate teachings of the Tattvarthadhigam Sutra accessible and comprehensible to a wider audience.