Tattvartha Sutra Part 02 Sthanakvasi - Book Summary

This Jain text, "Tattvartha Sutra Part 02" by Ghasilal Maharaj, published by A B Shwetambar Sthanakvasi Jain Shastroddhar Samiti, is the second part of a commentary on the Tattvartha Sutra. Based on the provided pages, this volume focuses on the sixth and seventh chapters of the Tattvartha Sutra, along with introductory and procedural guidelines.

Here's a comprehensive summary in English, drawing from the content of the provided pages:

I. Introduction and General Guidelines (Pages 1-6)

Invocation: The text begins with the Navakar Mantra (Namo Arihantanam, etc.), a fundamental prayer in Jainism, signifying auspiciousness.
Editorial Information:
- The publication is part of the "Jinaagam Prakashan Yojana."
- It is a commentary ("Vyakhyat") by Acharya Ghansilalji Maharaj.
- The edition includes Hindi and Gujarati translations and explanations.
- It is dedicated to private and personal use only.
- It lists Shri Chandra P. Doshi - Ph.D. as the organizer of the plan and provides the website www.jainagam.com.
- The publisher is Shri Akhil Bharat S. S. Jain Shastroddhara Samiti, Rajkot.
- The volume is part 2 of the Tattvartha Sutra.
- It details the first edition's print run (1200 copies), Vira Samvat (2499), Vikram Samvat (2029), and the Gregorian year (1973).
- The price is Rs. 25.00.
- The printer is Mani lal Chhaganlal Shah of Navprabhat Printing Press, Ahmedabad.
Special Instructions for Swadhyay (Self-Study) (Page 6 onwards): This section provides detailed rules and regulations for the study of the original text (Mool Path) and its translations. These include:
- Timing: Swadhyay should be done in the first and fourth parts of the day and night.
- Prohibited Times: Swadhyay is not to be done during dawn, dusk, noon, and midnight for specific durations (48 minutes total, or 24 minutes before and after sunrise).
- Gender Restrictions: Women observing monthly periods should not read the text, nor in their presence. It can be read in a separate room where they are absent.
- 32 "Aswadhyaya Prasanga" (Inauspicious Times/Situations for Study): These are categorized into:
  - 10 Akash Sambandhi (Related to the Sky): Meteor fall (until 1 prahar), directional burning (Digdaha), loud thunder (Garjarav - 2 prahar), sky-shattering sounds from celestial beings or thunderstorms (Nirdhat - 8 prahar), lightning (Vidyut - 1 prahar), Yupak (a specific celestial light phenomenon), Yaksadipa (celestial light), Dhunikakrishnal (fog), Mahikashvet (white fog), Rajoudat (dust storms obscuring the sun).
  - 10 Audarik Sharir Sambandhi (Related to the Physical Body): Bones, flesh, blood that don't burn completely or wash away with water and are visible; broken eggs; excreta/urine when visible or emitting odor; cremation grounds (100 cubits around); lunar eclipse (8-12 Muhurta); solar eclipse (12-16 Muhurta); royal disturbances (Rajavyudgata - 1 day/night); death of a king or national figure (until cremation and new appointment); dead bodies of Panchindriya Jivas within 100 cubits of the Upshray (monastery); four major festivals and four pratipada (days following full moon) of festivals (8 days).
- Important Note on Aswadhyaya: These rules apply to the original text, not translations. Vinaya (respect) is paramount, and in difficult situations, the wishes of elders or gurus should be followed.

II. Table of Contents (Pages 11-16)

This section provides a detailed index of the topics covered in the second part of the Tattvartha Sutra, based on the commentary. It outlines the chapters and the specific sutras (aphorisms) and themes discussed within each:

Chapter 6: Asrava Tattva (Principle of Influx)
- Details the nature of Asrava, the causes of influx of karma, different types of Asrava related to mental, vocal, and physical actions (Yoga), the impact of passions (Kashaya), the role of Indriyadhikaran, and various reasons for karma bondage. It delves into subtle distinctions of these concepts.
Chapter 7: Samvara Tattva (Principle of Stoppage)
- Explains the nature of Samvara, its causes (Samiti, Gupti, etc.), the different types of Samvara through controlling senses and passions.
- Discusses the practice of Parishahjaya (conquering hardships) by ascetics, categorizing them and their relation to different karmic coverings.
- Elaborates on the five Great Vows (Maha Vratas) and their associated Vratas, and extensively details the 'Aticharas' (minor transgressions) associated with each of the five vows, six Gunavratas, and four Shikshavratas.
Later Chapters (briefly mentioned for context):
- Chapter 8: Nirjara Tattva (Principle of Shedding Karma)
  - Covers the nature and types of Nirjara (karma shedding) and the various forms of Tapas (austerities) as means to achieve it.
- Chapter 9: Moksha Tattva (Principle of Liberation)
  - Discusses the nature of Moksha, the state of liberated souls, and the path to liberation.

III. Commentary on Chapter 6: Asrava (Pages 17-43)

This section begins the detailed commentary on Chapter 6, focusing on the concept of Asrava (influx of karma).

Sutra 1: 'Man-vay-kay Jogai Aasvo' (Mind, Speech, and Body Yoga are Asrava)
- Explanation of Yoga: The text defines Yoga as the movement of soul-substance (Atmapradesha) caused by Vīryāntarāya karma and the interplay of mind-karma. It classifies Yoga into three types:
  - Manoyoga (Mental Activity): The self's movement of soul-substance due to mind-transformations, influenced by external mind-classifications and internal factors like Vīryāntarāya and Indriyāvaraṇa Kṣayopaśama.
  - Vacana Yoga (Vocal Activity): Self-movement of soul-substance in the form of speech, facilitated by external speech-classifications and internal factors like Vīryāntarāya and speech-covering karmas.
  - Kāya Yoga (Bodily Activity): Self-movement of soul-substance due to bodily activities, influenced by external bodily-classifications (like Audarik, Vaikriyic, etc.) and internal factors like Vīryāntarāya.
- Definition of Asrava: Asrava is defined as the process by which karmic particles (pudgalaparamāṇu) in the same space-regions as the soul become karma through a particular activity. From this activity, the soul grasters karma. Without the right state of mind, karma binding does not occur. It's like water entering a lake through an opening.
- Types of Yoga: The commentary distinguishes between auspicious (punya-causing) and inauspicious (papa-causing) yogas.
- The 'Adi' (Etc.): The 'Adi' in the sutra includes various causes of karma bondage such as Mithya Darśana (false belief), Avirati (non-restraint), Pramada (heedlessness), and Kashaya (passions).

IV. Commentary on Chapter 7: Samvara (Pages 173-218)

This section begins the commentary on Chapter 7, focusing on Samvara (stoppage of karma influx).

Sutra 1: 'Asrava Nirodho Samvaro' (The stoppage of Asrava is Samvara)
- Definition of Samvara: Samvara is the cessation of the influx of new karma, caused by Mithya Darśana and other factors.
- Types of Samvara:
  - Dravya Samvara (Material Samvara): This is explained metaphorically as blocking the entry of water into a boat with smooth clay.
  - Bhava Samvara (Mental/Qualitative Samvara): This refers to the internal efforts, like Samyaktva (right faith), Samiti (carefulness in actions), Gupti (restraint), and following spiritual disciplines.
- Classification of Bhava Samvara: It is mentioned that Bhava Samvara can be further classified, leading to 77 types based on Samyaktva and other practices.
Sutra 2: 'Tasya Hetavo Samiti-Gupti-Dharmānupekṣā Pariṣahajayaḥ' (Its causes are Samiti, Gupti, Dharma, Anupekṣā, and Parishahjaya)
- Samiti (Five Types of Carefulness): Explained as careful movement, speech, taking alms, putting down/picking up objects, and excretion.
- Gupti (Three Types of Restraint): Restraint of mind, speech, and body.
- Dharma (Ten Types of Virtues): Including forgiveness, humility, straightforwardness, modesty, purity, truth, restraint, austerity, non-attachment, and chastity.
- Anupekṣā (Twelve Contemplations): Contemplations on impermanence, suffering, emptiness, solitude, separateness, impurity, karma influx, Samvara, Nirjara, the world, the rarity of enlightenment, and the dharma nature.
- Parishahjaya (Conquering Twelve Types of Hardships): These are explained as the ability to endure hardships like hunger, thirst, cold, heat, etc., without mental disturbance, as part of the spiritual path.
Sutra 3: 'Samitayo Pañca, Iryā-Bhāṣā-Eṣaṇā-Ādāna-Nikṣepaṇā Pariṣṭhāpanikā Bhedataḥ' (The five Samitis are Iryā, Bhāṣā, Eṣaṇā, Ādāna-Nikṣepaṇā, and Pariṣṭhāpanikā by type)
- Detailed explanation of each of the five Samitis, emphasizing their role in preventing harm to living beings and aligning actions with spiritual principles.
Sutra 4: 'Aśubhayoga-nigraheṇa Ātmano Gopanam Guptiḥ' (Gupti is the protection of the self by restraining impure activity)
- Explains the three Guptis (restraints of mind, speech, and body) and their importance in controlling negative activities and achieving internal peace.
Sutra 5: 'Tatra Prāṇātipātādivira- maṇam Mahāvrātāni Pañca' (From Himsa etc., perfect restraint is the five Great Vows)
- Introduces the concept of the five Great Vows: Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truthfulness), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacarya (chastity), and Parigraha Parimāṇa (non-possession).
Sutra 6: 'Tatra Aṇuvratāni Pañca, Sthūla-Hiṁsā-Mṛṣāvāda-Stēya-Maithuna-Parigraha-Viramaṇabhyāḥ' (The five Aṇuvratas are from gross Himsa, speech-error, stealing, incontinence, and possession)
- Details the five Aṇuvratas (minor vows) as partial forms of the five Mahavratas.
Sutra 7: 'Guṇavratāni Trīṇi, Digvratā-Upabhogaparimāṇā-nartha-Daṇḍaviramaṇa-Bhedataḥ' (The three Guṇavratas are by type, Digvrata, Upabhoga-paribhoga-parimāṇa, and Anartha-daṇḍaviramaṇa)
- Explains the three Guṇavratas (supporting vows): Digvrata (vow of limited direction), Upabhoga-paribhoga Parimāṇa (vow of limited use and consumption), and Anartha-danda Viramaṇa (vow of refraining from useless harm).
Sutra 8: 'Śikṣāvratāni Cāturvari, Sāmāyika-Deśāvakāśika-Pauṣadhopavāsa-Tithi-Saṁvibhāga-Bhedataḥ' (The four Śikṣāvratas are by type, Sāmāyika, Deśāvakāśika, Pauṣadhopavāsa, and Tithi-saṁvibhāga)
- Details the four Śikṣāvratas (disciplinary vows): Sāmāyika (equanimity), Deśāvakāśika (limited time and space restraint), Pauṣadhopavāsa (fasting on certain days), and Atithi-saṁvibhāga (sharing with guests/worthy people).
Sutra 9: 'Pauṣadhopavāsasya Apratilekhita-Duṣpratilekhita-Śayyā-Saṁstārādikāḥ Pañcāticārāḥ' (The five Aticharas of Pauṣadhopavāsa are Apratilekhita, Duṣpratilekhita, Sayyā-Saṁstāra etc.)
- Discusses the five minor transgressions related to Pauṣadhopavāsa (fasting).
Sutra 10: 'Māraṇāntika-saṁlekhanā-Jūṣaṇā-ārādhanā' (Māraṇāntika-saṁlekhanā is the practice of willingly embracing death for spiritual purposes)
- Explains the practice of Samlekhana (intentional and voluntary reduction of activities and intake) as a means of spiritual purification, especially at the end of life.
Sutra 11: 'Māṇāvaraṇodaye Prajñā-Ajñāna-Pariṣahau' (With the rise of Jñānāvaraṇa karma, Prajñā and Ajñāna Pariṣaha occur)
- This sutra begins the discussion on the connection between specific karmas and the occurrence of certain Pariṣahas (hardships or afflictions).
Sutra 12: 'Darśanamohaniya-Lābhāntarāyeṣu Darśana-Alābha-Pariṣahau' (With the rise of Darśana-mohanīya and Lābha-antarāya karma, Darśana and Alābha Pariṣaha occur)
- Explains the relationship between Darśana-mohanīya karma and Darśana Pariṣaha, and Lābha-antarāya karma and Alābha Pariṣaha.
Sutra 13: 'Cāritramohaṇīye Saptapariṣaha, Acela-Aratyādi Bhedataḥ' (With the rise of Cāritra-mohanīya karma, seven Pariṣaha occur, such as Acela, Arati etc.)
- Details the seven Pariṣaha arising from Cāritra-mohanīya karma.
Sutra 14: 'Vedanīye Śeṣā Ekādaśa Pariṣahaḥ' (The remaining eleven Pariṣaha arise from Vedanīya karma)
- Explains that the remaining eleven Pariṣaha are related to Vedanīya karma.
Sutra 15: 'Ekasmīṁ Jīve Yugapad Ekādyāva dekona-viṁśatiḥ Pariṣahaḥ' (In one soul, simultaneously, from one to nineteen Pariṣaha can occur)
- Discusses the possibility of experiencing multiple Pariṣaha concurrently.
Sutra 16: 'Sarve Pariṣaha Bādarasaṁprāye' (All Pariṣaha occur in Bādarasaṁprāya)
- States that all Pariṣaha can occur in the Bādar Saṁprāya stage of spiritual development.
Sutra 17: 'Jīvā-Ajīvā Āsravādhikaraṇam' (Soul and non-soul are the Āsrava Adhikaraṇam)
- Identifies soul and non-soul as the basis for Asrava.
Sutra 18: 'Prathamaṁ Saṁrambhādi Trayodaśavidhaṁ' (The first is related to Saṁrambha etc., thirteen types)
- Begins the classification of causes of Asrava related to Saṁrambha (mental resolution), etc., detailing thirteen types.
Sutra 19: 'Dvitīyasya Mr̥ṣāvāda-viramṇasya Sahasābhyākhānādikāḥ Pañcāticārāḥ' (The second Aṇuvrata, Mr̥ṣāvāda-viramaṇa, has five Aticharas like Sahasābhyākhāna)
- Details the five Aticharas of the second vow (Mṛṣāvāda-viramaṇa).
Sutra 20: 'Tr̥tīyasya Stēna-hṛtādikāḥ Pañcāticārāḥ' (The third Aṇuvrata, Steya-viramaṇa, has five Aticharas like Stenahr̥ta)
- Details the five Aticharas of the third vow (Steya-viramaṇa).
Sutra 21: 'Caturthasya Maithuna-viramaṇasya Itvarikā-Parigṛhītāgamana-adikāḥ Pañcāticārāḥ' (The fourth Aṇuvrata, Maithuna-viramaṇa, has five Aticharas like Itvarikā-Parigṛhītāgama)
- Details the five Aticharas of the fourth vow (Maithuna-viramaṇa).
Sutra 22: 'Pañcamasya Parigraha-viramaṇasya Kṣētra-Vāstu-pramāṇātikramādikāḥ Pañcāticārāḥ' (The fifth Aṇuvrata, Parigraha-viramaṇa, has five Aticharas like Kṣētra-Vāstu-pramāṇātikrama)
- Details the five Aticharas of the fifth vow (Parigraha-viramaṇa).
Sutra 23: 'Digvratasya Ūrdhvadig-pramāṇātikramādikāḥ Pañcāticārāḥ' (The Digvrata has five Aticharas like Ūrdhvadig-pramāṇātikrama)
- Details the five Aticharas of the Digvrata (direction restraint).
Sutra 24: 'Upabhoga-paribhoga-parimāṇasya Sacittāhāra-dik-Pañcāticārāḥ' (Upabhoga-paribhoga-parimāṇa has five Aticharas like Sacittāhāra)
- Details the five Aticharas of Upabhoga-paribhoga Parimāṇa (limitation of consumption and use).
Sutra 25: 'Pauṣadhopavāsasya Apratilekhita-Duṣpratilekhita-Śayyā-Saṁstārādikāḥ Pañcāticārāḥ' (Pauṣadhopavāsa has five Aticharas like Apratilekhita, Duṣpratilekhita, Śayyā-Saṁstāra)
- Details the five Aticharas of Pauṣadhopavāsa (fasting).
Sutra 26: 'Māraṇāntika-saṁlekhanā-Jūṣaṇā-ārādhanā' (Māraṇāntika-saṁlekhanā is the practice of willingly embracing death for spiritual purposes)
- Explains the practice of Samlekhana.
Sutras 27-37: These outline various types of vows (Anuvratas, Gunavratas, Shikshavratas) and their respective Aticharas (minor transgressions).

V. Commentary on Chapter 7 (Continued): Samvara and its Components (Pages 173-299)

The text continues the detailed commentary on Chapter 7, delving into various aspects of Samvara.

Sutras related to Mṛṣāvāda (False Speech), Steya (Stealing), Maithuna (Incontinence), and Parigraha (Possession): The commentary explains the Aticharas (minor transgressions) associated with these vows. It provides detailed explanations of each transgression, illustrating the subtle ways in which these vows can be violated.
Sutras on Anartha-Danda Viramaṇa (Abstinence from Useless Harm): The text discusses the five Aticharas related to this vow, including Kandarpa (lustful thoughts/speech), Kaukucca (repulsive actions), Maukharya (excessive speech), Samyukta-adhikaraṇa (using instruments for harm), and Upabhoga-paribhoga-atiriktā (excessive consumption beyond need).
Sutras on Sāmāyika (Equanimity): Details the five Aticharas of Sāmāyika, focusing on mental, vocal, and bodily distractions, and the importance of unwavering focus.
Sutras on the Five Mahavratas and their Anupekṣās (Contemplations): The text provides detailed explanations of the 25 Bhāvanās (contemplations) associated with the five Mahavratas, which are crucial for strengthening these vows and achieving spiritual progress.
Sutras on the Twelve Vratas of Laymen: The text further elaborates on the Aticharas of various vows taken by lay Jains.
Sutra 61: 'Bāhyam Tapaḥ Ṣaḍvidham...' (External Austerity is of Six Types...)
- Details the six external austerities: Anśana (fasting), Avamaudarya (eating less), Bhikṣācarya (alms-wandering), Rasa-parityāga (giving up tastes), Kāya-kleśa (body mortification), and Saṁlīnatā (restraint).
Sutra 62: 'Ābhyantaram Tapaḥ Ṣaḍvidham...' (Internal Austerity is of Six Types...)
- Details the six internal austerities: Prāyaścitta (penance), Vinaya (humility), Vaiyāvṛtya (service), Svādhyāya (self-study), Dhyāna (meditation), and Vyutsarga (renunciation).
Sutra 63: 'Prāyaścittaṁ Daśavidham...' (Prāyaścitta is of Ten Types...)
- Elaborates on the ten types of Prāyaścitta, which are means of purifying the soul from the consequences of transgressions.

Overall Theme:

This volume of the Tattvartha Sutra commentary, attributed to Ghasilal Maharaj, serves as a guide for Jain ascetics and lay followers. It intricately explains the core principles of Asrava (karma influx) and Samvara (stoppage of karma influx), emphasizing the practical application of these principles through meticulous adherence to vows, restraints, and austerities. The detailed breakdown of Aticharas (minor transgressions) for each vow highlights the Jain emphasis on vigilance and self-discipline in the spiritual journey. The instructions on Swadhyay and the detailed content index demonstrate a structured approach to learning and practicing Jain principles.