Tattvartha Sutra Part 01 Sthanakvasi

This text is a Gujarati translation and commentary on the Tattvartha Sutra, a foundational Jain scripture. The provided excerpt focuses on the commentary and is part of "Tattvartha Sutra Part 01" by Ghasilal Maharaj, published by A B Shwetambar Sthanakvasi Jain Shastroddhar Samiti. The catalog link provided is for jainqq.org, a resource for Jain texts.

The excerpt provided covers the initial chapters of the Tattvartha Sutra, delving into the fundamental principles of Jainism. Here's a breakdown of the key themes and content:

1. Mangalacharan (Invocation/Benediction):

• The text begins with the sacred Jain mantra, "Namo Arihantanam," "Namo Siddhanam," etc., the Pancha Namaskara, acknowledging the Arihants, Siddhas, Acharyas, Upadhyayas, and Sadhus. This is considered the most auspicious of all auspicious things and the destroyer of all sins.
• It also mentions the "Jina Agama Prakash Yojana" and credits Acharya Shri Ghanshilalji Maharaj for the commentary.

2. Introduction and Publisher Information:

• The book is identified as "Tattvartha Sutra Part: 1" and mentions the commentary by Jainacharya-Jaindharma Divakar-Pujya Shri Ghasilalji Maharaj, along with Hindi and Gujarati translations.
• The publisher is the "Shri Akhil Bharat S.S Jain Shastraddhara Samiti" from Rajkot.
• The publication details mention the first edition, print run of 1000 copies, publication year as Veer Samvat 2499 / Vikram Samvat 2029 / 1973 AD, and the price.

3. Guidelines for Swadhyaya (Study):

• A significant portion of the beginning pages (pages 7-12) are dedicated to detailed rules and auspicious/inauspicious times and situations for studying the Tattvartha Sutra's original text (Mulpath). These are called "Aswadhyaya Prasanga" (occasions of not studying).
• These rules cover various categories like:
  • Akash Sambandhi (Related to Sky/Atmosphere): Phenomena like meteor showers (Ulkapath), directional fires (Digdaha), thunder (Garjarav), lightning (Vidyut), auspicious junctions of twilight and moonlight (Yupak), flashes like lightning (Yakshadita), and mist/fog (Dhumika Krishna, Mahika Shwet), dust storms (Rajoudghat).
  • Audarik Sharir Sambandhi (Related to the Gross Physical Body): Situations involving bones, flesh, blood, rotten eggs, excreta, cremation grounds, eclipses (Chandra Grahan, Surya Grahan), political unrest (Rajavyagrata), deaths of royalty or important figures, and the presence of a dead body.
  • Festivals and Specific Days: Auspicious days like the full moons of Ashadha, Ashwin, Kartik, Chaitra, and the subsequent new moon days (Pratipada).
  • Time of Day: Specific times like dawn, dusk, noon, and midnight are mentioned with periods around them where study is prohibited.
• It's emphasized that these rules are for the original text and not necessarily for translations. The importance of "Vinay" (respect and humility) is highlighted, suggesting following the guidance of elders or gurus during such times.

4. Table of Contents (Vishayanukramanika):

• Pages 12-18 provide a comprehensive table of contents for the first and second chapters of the Tattvartha Sutra, outlining the topics covered in great detail. This includes:
  • Chapter 1 (Pahalo Adhyay): Mangalacharan, introduction of nine tattvas, detailed explanation of the Jiva (soul) tattva, its types (Samsari, Mukta), classification into tras (mobile) and sthavar (immobile), gross and subtle bodies, gender (Veda), age, etc.
  • Chapter 2 (Bijho Adhyay): Introduction of Ajiva (non-soul) tattva, its five types (Dharma, Adharma, Akash, Kaal, Pudgal), the nature of substances (Dravya), properties of these substances, the concept of pradesh (regions or units of space), the characteristics of each substance, Pudgal's properties (color, smell, taste, touch), and the nature of Pudgala (matter).
  • Chapter 3 (Tijjo Adhyay): Karma Bandha (bonding of karma), its causes, types of karmic natures, the order of karmic binding, and the specifics of each of the eight primary karmas (Jnanaavarana, Darshanavarana, Vedaniya, Mohaniya, Ayushya, Nama, Gotra, Antaraya).
  • Chapter 4 (Chautho Adhyay): Punia (merit) and Papa (demerit) tattvas, the fruits of good and bad deeds, the causes of binding certain types of karma (like human or divine lifespan), the importance of vows (Mahavratas), the twenty-five Bhavanas (meditations/feelings), and the classification of celestial beings (Devas).
  • Chapter 5 (Paanchmo Adhyay): Papa (demerit) and its consequences, the causes of binding specific negative karmas (like hellish lifespan, inauspicious names), the seven hellish realms (Ratnaprabha etc.), the nature of hellish beings, the celestial realms (lokaloka), islands, oceans, mountains, rivers, and the life and characteristics of humans in different regions.

5. Specific Sutras and Commentary:

• The excerpt then provides commentary (Dipika and Niyukti) on specific sutras, starting with the Mangalacharan (Page 23 onwards).
• Sutra 1: Defines the nine Tattvas (Jiva, Ajiva, Bandha, Punya, Papa, Asrava, Samvara, Nirjara, Moksha). The commentary elaborates on each Tattva, defining them and their significance.
• Sutra 2: Defines Jiva (soul) as "Upayoga Lakshano Jivah" (Jiva is characterized by consciousness/awareness). The commentary explains this consciousness and its relation to the soul's states.
• Sutra 3: Classifies living beings into "Manasaka" (with mind) and "Amanaska" (without mind).
• Sutra 4: Divides living beings into "Sansari" (those in the cycle of birth and death) and "Mukta" (liberated souls).
• Sutra 5: Divides living beings (Sansari) into "Trasa" (mobile) and "Sthavara" (immobile).
• Sutra 6: Divides living beings into "Sukshma" (subtle) and "Badara" (gross).
• Sutra 7: Classifies living beings into "Paryapta" (fully developed) and "Aparayapta" (undeveloped).
• Sutra 8: Lists the types of mobile beings: two-sensed, three-sensed, four-sensed, and five-sensed beings.
• Sutra 9: Lists the five types of immobile beings: earth-bodied, water-bodied, fire-bodied, air-bodied, and plant-bodied (Jivas).
• Sutra 10: Categorizes the origin of living beings (birth) into three types: Garbha (from womb), Sammoorchim (spontaneously generated), and Upapata (precipitated).
• Sutra 11: Describes the eight types of subtle beings (Sukshma), including Sneha, Pushpa, etc.
• Sutra 12: Describes the various types of gross beings.
• Sutra 13: Discusses liberated souls (Mukta) and their types.
• Sutra 14: Introduces the six essential states or modifications of the soul (Bhavas): Audayika, Aupashamika, Kshayika, Mishra (Kshayopashamika), Parinamika, and Sannipatika.
• Sutra 15: Breaks down these six Bhavas into their respective subdivisions (e.g., Audayika into 21 types, Darshana Mohaniya into 28 types, etc.).
• Sutra 16: Defines Upayoga (consciousness) as two types: Sakara (with form/specific content) and Akara (without form/general perception).
• Sutra 17: Discusses the five types of Indriyas (senses) - eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and touch.
• Sutra 18: Divides Indriyas into Dravya (physical) and Bhava (functional/mental).
• Sutra 19: Further divides Bhava Indriya into Labdhi (potential) and Upayoga (actual application).
• Sutra 20: Divides Dravya Indriya into Nirvriti (form/structure) and Upakarana (function/instrument).
• Sutra 21: Lists the five subjects of the senses: touch, taste, smell, color, and sound.
• Sutra 22: Explains that the mind (Mana) is not an Indriya but is essential for understanding subtle matters and serves as a connection to Shruta (scriptural knowledge).
• Sutra 23-28: Discusses the movement (Gati) of Pudgala and Jiva, defining it as Anushreni (straight) and Vishreni (curved). It then categorizes Gati into Vigraha (with obstructions/turns) and Avigraha (without obstructions/straight).
• Sutra 29: Enumerates the five types of bodies (Sharira): Audarika (gross physical), Vaikriya (transformable), Aharaka (universal body), Taijasa (radiant/light body), and Karmana (karmic body). The commentary explains their properties and how they are formed.
• Sutra 30: Discusses the subtle nature of these bodies, with Taijasa and Karmana being the most subtle.
• Sutra 31: Explains the nature of the Karmic body (Karmana Sharira) as being devoid of Upabhoga (enjoyment/experience).
• Sutra 32: Details the two types of gross physical bodies (Audarika): Samschimm (spontaneously generated) and Garbhakrantika (born from the womb).
• Sutra 33: Classifies Vaikriya (transformable) bodies into Upapata (precipitated) and Labdhipratya (acquired by special powers).
• Sutra 34: Discusses Taijasa (radiant) body as two types: Lbhipratya and Sahaja.
• Sutra 35: Explains that Ahara (nourishing) body is one type, attained by Pramatta-samyata (yogis who have not fully controlled passions).
• Sutra 36: Describes Karmana body as being for all (Samsari Jiva).
• Sutra 37: Discusses the three types of genders (Veda): Pudgala (male), Stri (female), and Napunsaka (neuter).
• Sutra 38: States that Devas (celestial beings) are of two types in terms of gender: female and male, and that they are never neuter.
• Sutra 39: States that Naraka (hellish beings) and Samschimm (spontaneously generated) beings are always of the neuter gender.
• Sutra 40: Explains that the remaining beings (Garbbhakrantika Jivas, Panchindriya Jivas, Manushya) can be of three genders.
• Sutra 41: Discusses the two types of lifespan (Ayush): Sopakrama (life that can be shortened by actions) and Nirupakrama (life that cannot be shortened).

The commentary is highly detailed, explaining the philosophical nuances, etymology of terms, and scriptural references. It reflects a scholastic approach to understanding the Jain philosophy as presented in the Tattvartha Sutra.