Tap Ane Parishah

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text "Tap ane Parishah" by Sukhlal Sanghavi, focusing on the concepts of Tap (asceticism) and Parishah (hardships/endurances) within Jainism:

The book "Tap ane Parishah" by Sukhlal Sanghavi explores the fundamental Jain concepts of asceticism (Tap) and enduring hardships (Parishah). The text highlights the historical significance and philosophical underpinnings of these practices within the Jain tradition, drawing comparisons with other contemporary ascetic practices, particularly those mentioned in Buddhist scriptures.

Tap (Asceticism) in Jainism:

• Mahavira's Life as the Embodiment of Tap: The text emphasizes that Bhagavan Mahavira's life itself was a supreme example of intense asceticism, as described in the Agamas, particularly the Acharyanga Sutra. The entire conduct of the Jain monastic order established by Mahavira was steeped in Tap.
• Historical Prominence of Tap: The author asserts that the Jain tradition, from Mahavira's time onwards, placed a significant emphasis on Tap. This emphasis was so profound that Jainism itself became synonymous with asceticism.
• Pre-Mahavira Tradition of Tap: Sanghavi argues that the tradition of Tap was already prominent in Jainism before Mahavira. He bases this on Mahavira's initiation into the Pasrparkanatha (Parshva-centric) tradition, which was itself asceticism-oriented. The life of Lord Parshvanatha also demonstrates this ascetic emphasis.
• Buddhist Scriptures and Jain Tap: The text notes that Buddhist scriptures frequently mention ascetic Jains (Nirgranthas) practicing severe austerities in various locations. Buddha himself also critiqued and described certain ascetic practices that are characteristic of the Jain tradition, indicating the prevalence and distinctiveness of Jain asceticism even during his time.
• Buddha's Critique of Jain Tap: The author addresses Buddha's criticisms of Jain asceticism. Buddha viewed extreme bodily mortification as merely self-mortification and a way to endure suffering, but not a direct means to spiritual bliss or purification of the mind.
• Jain Perspective on Tap: However, the text clarifies that the Jain tradition, including Mahavira and the Nighrantha lineage, did not view Tap solely as bodily mortification. They maintained that bodily austerities are meaningful only when they are directed towards spiritual purification and the eradication of mental impurities (Kleshas). Mahavira's contribution was to connect" the external ascetic practices with internal spiritual purification, emphasizing that true Tap leads to self-purification.
• Mahavira's Refinement of Tap: While Mahavira accepted the existing external forms of Tap, he integrated them with internal asceticism (Dhyana, Jnana). He stressed that outer austerities (like fasting) were aids to inner Tap and not ends in themselves. This distinction made Tap a holistic practice, encompassing both external discipline and internal spiritual development.
• Tap as a Union of Action and Knowledge: Jain Tap, therefore, is not just ritualistic action (Kriyayoga) but also involves knowledge (Jnana Yoga). The external aspect of Tap supports the internal, and it is through the reinforcement of knowledge that ultimate liberation is achieved.
• Development of Tap: Jainism has seen continuous development and diversification of Tap over its 2500-year history, with various practices and observances deeply integrated into the daily lives of Jains, particularly lay followers who engage in rigorous fasting and other austerities.

Parishah (Hardships/Endurances):

• Definition of Parishah: Parishah refers to the hardships or adversities that a spiritual aspirant has to endure in pursuit of their goal. It is a concept primarily related to the ascetic or monastic life.
• Distinction from Tap: While Tap is a set of disciplined practices undertaken for spiritual growth, Parishah is about the patient and resolute endurance of unavoidable difficulties that arise during the spiritual journey.
• Scope of Parishah: Jain Agamas list twenty-two types of Parishahs, which are specifically directed towards renunciates (monks and nuns). In contrast, twelve types of Tap are described, applicable to both householders and renunciates.
• Interconnection of Tap and Parishah: Despite their distinct definitions, Tap and Parishah are described as inseparable branches of spiritual practice. Enduring Parishahs is a form of Tap, and undertaking Tap often exposes one to various Parishahs.

Integration of Core Principles:

• Vrat, Charitra, and Jnana: The author highlights that Bhagavan Mahavira integrated three essential elements into his understanding and practice of Tap and Parishah: Vrat (vows/discipline), Charitra (conduct/virtuous living), and Jnana (knowledge).
• Holistic Path: Mahavira recognized that the spiritual path is long and arduous, filled with internal and external obstacles. He structured Tap and Parishah in a way that encompassed all three elements, recognizing that complete victory over these challenges requires more than just vows, conduct, or knowledge alone.
• Purpose of Spiritual Practices: The ultimate goal of these practices, as articulated by Mahavira, is spiritual purification and the attainment of ultimate liberation. The external forms of Tap are meant to facilitate this inner transformation.

In essence, "Tap ane Parishah" by Sukhlal Sanghavi elucidates that Jain asceticism is not mere physical austerity but a comprehensive spiritual discipline designed to purify the mind and soul. This discipline is strengthened by the resolute endurance of hardships, all guided by the principles of vows, virtuous conduct, and right knowledge, as exemplified by the life and teachings of Bhagavan Mahavira. The text underscores the enduring relevance and practice of these core Jain tenets.