Sutra Kritanga Sutra - Book Summary

Here is a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, based on the translated sections:

Book Title: Sutra Kritanga Sutra (Shri Uttaradhyayana Sutra) Author(s): Purushottam Jain, Ravindra Jain Publisher: Purshottam Jain, Ravindra Jain (25th Mahavir Nirvana Shatabdi Sanyojika Samiti (Punjab))

This publication is a Punjabi translation, with annotations and a brief introduction to Jainism, of the Sutra Kritanga Sutra. It highlights the text as a philosophical work that delves into the principles of various philosophies and religions.

Key Themes and Concepts Discussed:

Theological and Philosophical Discourse: The text is presented as a philosophical treatise that critically examines and discusses various philosophical viewpoints. It emphasizes that the Sutra Kritanga Sutra can be seen as an ancient precursor to the concept of a "round table conference" where philosophers from different schools of thought engage in discussion.
The Importance of Ahimsa (Non-violence): A central theme is the question of "Why accept Ahimsa?". The answer provided is that all beings desire happiness and wish to avoid suffering. The pain caused by touching fire is universal, not limited to any specific sect. Ahimsa is considered the root of all religions because it forms the core of life for all beings, not just humans. The understanding of Dharma is impossible without experiencing life itself.
Karma and the Soul: The text touches upon the concept of the soul and karma, stating that any action contrary to one's soul is unethical behavior towards others. It contrasts the Jain concept of karma with the idea of God as the creator. If God is the ultimate decider, it leads to complications. However, the concept of karma is intrinsically linked to every life and situation. The ultimate goal of Arhat Dharma (Jainism) is to reveal the hidden soul element within the individual. The soul is considered synonymous with the supreme soul (Parmatma). Understanding oneself is key to understanding everything.
The Significance of Language and Dialogue: The Sutra Kritanga Sutra is praised for establishing principles through philosophical discussions. Bringing these concepts into Punjabi folk literature is highlighted as a significant endeavor. Lord Mahavir believed language was not just for worldly use but for conveying thoughts to others. Language should not be a source of ego but a tool for dialogue. The use of local languages facilitates the rapid dissemination of ideas to the public, which Lord Mahavir embraced. Language, caste, and lineage pride should be shed to eliminate inequality and hatred between humans and other beings.
Jainism's View on the Creator God: The text directly addresses the Jain perspective on the Creator God. It suggests that if asked for another word to describe Jainism, it would be "Ecology" (ILJI - mutual cooperation of living beings). The concept of Ahimsa and Jainism can be understood through ecology. The text contrasts the democratic principle of governance, where the public rules, with monarchy where a king rules. In a democracy, every citizen has rights, and anyone can potentially achieve the highest position based on merit. However, there's no rule that says every citizen will become president. Jainism's principle "Appa so Paramappa" (The soul is the supreme soul) means that any human can become Paramatma if they fulfill the necessary qualifications.
The Role of Jain Sadhvis: The publication acknowledges the significant contribution of Jain Sadhvi Shri Swarn Kanta Ji Maharaj in propagating Jain literature in Punjabi. Her dedication during the Nirvana Shatabdi year and her efforts to make Jainism accessible to the common people are lauded. She is described as knowledgeable in scriptures and adept at compiling catalogues of ancient texts. Her book "Anmol Vachan" is seen as a reflection of her extensive research.
The Translators and Their Work: The translation of Sutra Kritanga Sutra into Punjabi by Shri Ravindra Jain (Malerkotla) and Shri Purshotam Jain is appreciated. Their previous translations of Shri Uttaradhyayan Sutra and Shri Upasak Dashang Sutra, also inspired by Sadhvi Shri Swarn Kanta Ji Maharaj, are mentioned. The translators are praised for bringing a difficult scripture like Sutra Kritanga Sutra into the public domain in a vernacular language. Lord Mahavir's own practice of preaching in the local language, Ardha Magadhi Prakrit, is cited as inspiration. Making the Sutra Kritanga Sutra accessible in local languages offers a golden opportunity to understand Jain principles in daily life.
The Structure of Sutra Kritanga Sutra: Dr. Nalini Balbir from France University, Paris, provides insights into the structure of the text. It is the second among the eleven Angas of Jain doctrine but is unique in many aspects. It extensively discusses the refutation of various contemporary philosophical schools like Kriyavada, Vedantavada, and Niyatitivada. The text is in Ardha Magadhi language and known as Suyagada in Sanskrit literature. It comprises two Shruta Skandhas, each with several Adhyayanas (chapters). The first Shruta Skandha has 16 Adhyayanas, including discussions on different philosophical views, the importance of a disciplined life, the hardships faced in this life, conduct towards women, descriptions of hellish punishments, and the state of the characterless. The sixth Adhyayana specifically contains a beautiful hymn to Mahavir. The second Shruta Skandha has 7 Adhyayanas, primarily in prose, suggesting it might be later in origin than the first.
Commentaries and Translations: The existence of at least three ancient commentaries on the original Sutra is noted: Niyukti by Acharya Bhadrabahuswami, Churni by Jindas Acharya (both in Prakrit), and a Sanskrit commentary by Shilanka Acharya in the 9th century. The translation of Suyagada into various languages, including the English translation by Dr. Herman Jacobi and German translation by Dr. Bring, is mentioned. The publication of the Punjabi translation is highlighted as a commendable first effort.
Praise for Sadhvi Shri Swarn Kanta Ji Maharaj: Her deep knowledge of Jain Agamas, her multilingual proficiency, her extensive reach in propagation work, and her role in establishing the Jain Chair at Punjabi University are all acknowledged with gratitude. Her inspiration for initiating international awards in the names of Parvati Jain and Mahavir Jain is also noted.
The Translators' Dedication: Ravindra Jain and Purshotam Jain are commended for their significant effort in translating such a complex scripture. They are highlighted as popular lay disciples within the Jain Sangh, having previously translated other important Jain texts. Their dedication to spreading Jainism and assisting scholars is evident. The publication includes an introduction to Jainism and philosophy for readers before they delve into the translated text. Each Adhyayana is preceded by a short introduction, and meanings of difficult words are provided based on Shilanka Acharya's commentary. The translators acknowledge the difficulties faced, especially in finding suitable Punjabi words for the first-time translation, and humbly accept responsibility for any inaccuracies.
Praise for the Publication: The publication is seen as a revolutionary endeavor, contributing significantly to the dissemination of Jain principles in the common language. The effort is seen as fulfilling Lord Mahavir's desire to spread his message globally.
Historical Context of Jainism: The text provides a historical background of Jainism, tracing the tradition of Tirthankaras, their teachings, and the compilation of scriptures. It mentions the influence of Jainism on Indian philosophy and mentions the 24 Tirthankaras, including Lord Rishabhdev and Lord Mahavir. It also touches upon the importance of individual effort and self-realization in achieving liberation.
Praise for Punjabi Language and Literature: The initiative to bring Jain literature into Punjabi is recognized as a vital step in making these profound teachings accessible to millions of Punjabi speakers worldwide.

In essence, this publication represents a dedicated effort to make the profound and philosophical teachings of the Sutra Kritanga Sutra accessible to the Punjabi-speaking population, highlighting the core principles of Jainism, especially Ahimsa, the importance of individual effort in spiritual progress, and the philosophical underpinnings of the faith. It also acknowledges the crucial role of spiritual leaders and scholars in preserving and disseminating these ancient texts.