Subhadra Sati Chatushpadika

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Subhadra Sati Chatushpadika" by Kanubhai V. Sheth, based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Subhadra Sati Chatushpadika Author: Kanubhai V. Sheth (Introduction and commentary) Original Author: Dharma Muni (as indicated in the text) Publisher: ZZ_Anusandhan Estimated Date of Original Work: Around 1290 CE

Introduction (Prastavik):

The "Chatushpadika" (also known as "Champa" or "Chaupai") is identified as a noteworthy poetic form that developed in ancient to medieval Gujarati literature. It is often mentioned as an alternative to the "Ras" form. The text notes that "Nemnath Chatushpadika" (circa 1st CE) is the first Chatushpadika work in Gujarati literature. This introduction highlights the work "Subhadra Sati Chatushpadika" by the poet "Dharma Muni."

Manuscript Introduction and Editorial Method (Prat Parichay ane Sampadan Paddhati):

The current work has been edited based on a single available manuscript. This manuscript, part of the collection of the late Agarchand Nahata (Book No. 218), is a collection of ancient texts. The "Subhadra Sati Chatushpadika" is found on pages 188-191 of this manuscript. The editors have largely maintained the original text. Any suggested improvements or additions are indicated within parentheses.

Author of the Poem (Kavya na Karta):

The author of the present work is identified as Dharma Muni, based on a concluding verse within the poem. This verse reads: "Subhadra reaches the temple, parents-in-law rejoice, let this poem be in praise of Jinavara Dharma, may the Jinashasana be victorious."

Kanubhai Sheth also mentions that two other works, "Sthulabhadra Ras" and "Jambuswami Charitra," attributed to the same poet, are also found preserved in the same manuscript. However, it is noted that the language of this particular work is quite ancient.

The text also cites a verse that highlights the merit of listening to the "Subhadra Charitra," equating its virtue to that gained from visiting Girnar, donating gold, or reciting the Navkar Mantra.

Summary of the Narrative and Themes:

The "Subhadra Sati Chatushpadika" narrates the story of Subhadra, a devout Jain woman, and her unwavering faith.

• Subhadra's Devotion: The poem describes Subhadra as a virtuous and pious woman. She is depicted as a devoted follower of Jainism, performing austerities, observing fasts (like "Ambil Nivi"), and consuming only one meal a day. Her purity is likened to the full moon night.
• Conflict with In-laws: Subhadra marries into a household that worships Lord Narayana (Vishnu). Her mother-in-law tries to dissuade her from her Jain practices, urging her to worship Narayana instead. Subhadra, with folded hands, respectfully asserts that no deity compares to the Jinavara (Tirthankara).
• Mother-in-law's Anger and Subhadra's Resolve: The mother-in-law becomes angry and harbors resentment towards Subhadra. Despite this opposition, Subhadra remains steadfast in her faith and her resolve. She endures hardships, including fasting for three days and reciting the Navkar mantra thousands of times.
• The Role of the Goddess (Sasana Devi): The Jain Sasana Devi (guardian deity) appears and assures Subhadra that she will protect her. The Goddess declares that she will lock the city gates of Champa and that no one can open them without her permission.
• The City Gates Remain Closed: The Goddess fulfills her promise, and the gates of Champa remain locked. The king is bewildered and orders that a ritual be performed to open the gates.
• Subhadra's Trial and Vindication: A young girl is instructed to draw water from a well and sprinkle it at the three city gates. When she does so, the gates miraculously open. The King, witnessing this, is amazed. Subhadra then steps forward and questions why the fourth gate remains closed. The King, acknowledging her virtue, orders the fourth gate to be opened.
• Subhadra's Triumph: The city rejoices, and Subhadra's devotion is recognized. Her parents-in-law are also overcome with joy.
• The Merits of the Story: The poem concludes by emphasizing the spiritual benefits of listening to and reciting Subhadra's story. It states that those who do so will transcend the cycle of birth and death and attain liberation and happiness.

Key Themes:

• Unwavering Devotion (Shraddha): Subhadra's story is a testament to unwavering faith in Jainism, even in the face of adversity and opposition.
• Patience and Perseverance (Dhairy and Sahanshita): She endures the anger of her in-laws and difficult circumstances with great patience.
• The Power of Jain Principles (Samyak Darshan, Samyak Gnana, Samyak Charitra): Subhadra's adherence to Jain principles ultimately leads to her vindication and the triumph of her faith.
• The Grace of the Sasana Devi: The story highlights the protective role of the Jain guardian deities.
• The Importance of Religious Literature: The poem itself is presented as a source of spiritual merit and liberation.