Some Distinguished Jains

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Some Distinguished Jains" by Umrao Singh Tank:

Overall Purpose:

This book aims to highlight the lives and contributions of prominent individuals and families within the Jain community, showcasing their significance in historical, social, and religious contexts. It seeks to educate readers about their achievements, character, and impact.

Key Figures and Families Discussed:

The book is structured into chapters, each focusing on a different distinguished Jain or Jain family. Here's a summary of the individuals and families covered:

• Kumarapala Chaulukya (The Jaina Emperor of Western India):

  • Rise to Power: Kumarapala became the emperor of the Chaulukya dynasty after his predecessor, Jayasimha Siddharaja, died without a male heir. He had to overcome political intrigue and assassination attempts against him. He was supported by Kanhadadeva and ultimately ascended the throne.
  • Reign and Achievements: Kumarapala's reign was marked by territorial expansion, reaching from the Hindukush to Maharashtra. He is credited with bringing peace and prosperity to his empire. He was initially a follower of Shiva but later embraced Jainism under the influence of the scholar Hemachandra.
  • Jainism and Reforms: His conversion to Jainism led to significant personal and governmental reforms. He adopted the vows of a Shravaka, promoted Jain principles, abolished capital punishment, reduced taxes, and stopped the sale of liquor and gambling. He also sponsored numerous Jain temples and pilgrimage sites.
  • Legacy: Kumarapala is remembered as a just, impartial, and pious ruler, a model of Jain purity. His reign was a golden age for Jainism in Western India.
  • Succession and Downfall: He had no male heir, leading to a dispute over succession. His nephew, Ajayapala, seized the throne after his death, leading to persecution of those who supported Kumarapala's chosen successor.

• The Bachchhavats:

  • Origins and Rise: The Bachchhavat family traces its lineage to the Bothras of Marwar and rose to prominence through Bachchharaj, who served as a "diwan" for the rulers of Mandore. Bachchharaj accompanied Prince Bika in founding Bikaner, a move that marked the beginning of the family's prosperity.
  • Influence and Achievements: The Bachchhavats held hereditary positions of influence, serving as chief advisors and friends to the rulers of Bikaner. They excelled in both administrative and military affairs. They were also known for their piety, charitable deeds, and patronage of learning and art.
  • Downfall of Karam Chand: Karam Chand, a prominent Bachchhavat minister, faced a tragic downfall due to the extravagance of Raja Rai Singh. Accusations of conspiracy were leveled against him, leading to his flight to Delhi and eventual death. The book argues for his innocence and portrays him as a victim of political machinations.
  • Tragic End of the Family: The sons of Karam Chand were lured back to Bikaner under false pretenses by Raja Sur Singh and were subsequently massacred. In a final act of defiance, the Bachchhavat women and children performed jauhar (self-immolation) to protect their honor. A surviving Bachchhavat lady ensured the continuation of the clan.

• The Mohanots:

  • Origins and Ancestry: The Mohanots are an important Osval sept claiming descent from Rayapala, a Rathod chief of Marwar. Mohanaji, from whom the family derives its name, married a Srisrimal girl, and their son, Sapatasena, became a convert to Jainism, marking the family's lineage.
  • Contributions: The Mohanots played a significant role in the history of Marwar, producing soldiers and statesmen. Achaloji, Jayamal, and Nenes are highlighted as prominent figures for their chivalry, administrative skills, and historical contributions.

• The Bhandaris of Marwar:

  • Ancestry and Early History: The Bhandaris belong to the official section of the Osval community and trace their descent from the Chohan kings of Ajmer. Rao Lakhanasi I is considered their ancestor, and their lineage is linked to Dadrao, who adopted Jainism and was designated "Bhandari" (storehouse keeper).
  • Prominent Figures and Roles: The book details the contributions of several Bhandari individuals across various periods. They served as ministers, governors, and military leaders, demonstrating skill in both administration and warfare. Figures like Bhana, Raghunath, Khumsi, Vijaya, Anupsingh, Surat Ram, Ganga Ram, Lakshmichand, Prithviraj, Ullamchand, Bahadarmal, and Kishanmal are mentioned for their service to the state, patronage of arts, and financial acumen.
  • Customs and Traditions: The Bhandaris share customs with other Oswals, with their tutelary goddess being Asapura. They generally prefer state service over trade and have sub-divisions that do not intermarry.

• Bhama Sah, the Saviour of Mewar:

  • Role and Fidelity: Bhama Sah, an Oswal and a Jain, was the diwan of Rana Pratap of Mewar. He is renowned for his unwavering loyalty and financial support to the Rana during a critical period.
  • Saving Mewar: When Rana Pratap was forced to consider abandoning Mewar due to a lack of funds, Bhama Sah placed his entire ancestral wealth at his disposal. This enabled Rana Pratap to continue his struggle against Akbar and regain most of Mewar.
  • Legacy: Bhama Sah is celebrated as the "Saviour of Mewar" and is remembered for upholding the honor of Mewar's arms.

• Vastupala the Great:

  • Statesman and Philanthropist: Vastupala was a highly influential Jain minister and general. He is described as a wise statesman, a valiant soldier, a patron of art, and a benevolent philanthropist.
  • Social Reforms and Patronage: He extended his charity to all sects, even building mosques for Muslims. He actively promoted Jainism, supported the Tapa-gachchha, and was instrumental in constructing numerous temples, paushadashalas (monasteries), and upashrayas (religious halls). He also commissioned literary works and libraries.
  • Pilgrimages and Architectural Contributions: Vastupala is known for leading significant Jain pilgrimages, notably to Shatrunjaya and Girnar. He is also associated with remarkable architectural achievements, including contributions to temples on Mount Abu.
  • Poetic Genius: He was also a poet of repute, with his work "Naranarayanananda" being highly praised.
  • Tragic End: Despite his achievements, Vastupala faced disgrace and a fatal illness, dying in AD 1241. His son and brother ensured his proper rites and memorial.

• Ratan Singh Bhandari:

  • Service to Marwar: Ratan Singh Bhandari rose to prominence under Abhay Singh, the chief of Marwar. He served as the deputy viceroy of Ajmer and Gujarat during a period of Mughal decline.
  • Challenges and Conflicts: His tenure was marked by conflicts with the Marathas and internal revolts within Gujarat. He faced numerous military engagements and political challenges, demonstrating both strategic acumen and personal bravery.
  • Death in Battle: Ratan Singh was mortally wounded in a battle against Gaj Singh of Bikaner while defending the interests of his master.

• Dhanraj, the Governor of Ajmer:

  • Capture and Governance: Dhanraj Singhvi was appointed governor of Ajmer after its capture from the Marathas. He faced a heroic siege of the city.
  • Loyalty and Sacrifice: When ordered to surrender Ajmer, Dhanraj, rather than disobey his master or surrender disgracefully, chose to take his own life, demonstrating ultimate loyalty and sacrifice.

• Amar Chand Surana of Bikaner:

  • Rise to Power: Amar Chand Surana gained prominence during the reign of Maharaja Surat Singh of Bikaner. He led successful military expeditions and was appointed diwan.
  • Brutal Campaigns: His career also involved instances of considerable cruelty and bloodshed while dealing with refractory vassals and enemies of the state.
  • Downfall and Execution: Despite his services, jealousy and conspiracy led to his false accusation of intriguing with Amir Khan, resulting in his brutal execution.

General Themes and Observations:

• Jain Principles in Action: The book consistently highlights how Jain principles of righteousness, truthfulness, charity, and non-violence (Ahimsa) influenced the lives and actions of these distinguished individuals.
• Service to Society and State: Many of these figures dedicated their lives to serving their communities and kingdoms, demonstrating leadership, administrative skill, and military prowess.
• Patronage of Arts and Learning: Several individuals are recognized for their significant contributions to literature, art, and the establishment of libraries and temples.
• The Role of Jain Scholars: The influence of Jain scholars and monks, such as Hemachandra, is evident in the spiritual and moral transformation of rulers and the promotion of Jainism.
• Personal Integrity and Sacrifice: The book emphasizes the importance of personal integrity, loyalty, and the willingness to make sacrifices for one's principles and community.
• Historical Context: The narratives are set against the backdrop of significant historical periods in Indian history, illustrating the interplay between religious devotion, political power, and social dynamics.

In essence, "Some Distinguished Jains" provides a biographical account of influential Jain individuals and families, showcasing their contributions to Jainism, society, and governance, and serving as an inspiration for adherence to Jain ethical principles.