Siddha Hemchandrashabdanu Shasanam Part 1 - Book Summary

This is a comprehensive summary of Siddha Hemachandra Shabdanushasanam, Part 1 (श्रीसिद्धहेमचन्द्रशब्दानुशासनम् प्रथमो भागः), authored by Hemchandracharya and compiled by Acharya Vijaychandra Gupta Suri, published by Shri Anekant Prakashan Jain Religious. The provided text covers the foundational aspects of Sanskrit grammar, likely aimed at Jain scholars and followers, as indicated by the publisher and the inclusion of Jain principles in the initial pages.

Here's a breakdown of the content based on the provided pages:

Core Identity and Publisher Information:

Title: Shri Siddha Hemachandra Shabdanushasanam, Part 1 (श्रीसिद्धहेमचन्द्रशब्दानुशासनम् प्रथमो भागः)
Author: Hemchandracharya (कलिकालसर्वज्ञश्रीहेमचन्द्रसूरिप्रणीतं) - He is described as "Kālkal Sarvajña" (all-knowing in the Kali Yuga), a title of high reverence in Jain tradition.
Compiler/Editor: Acharya Vijaychandra Gupta Suri (सम्पादयिता आचार्यविजयचन्द्रगुप्तसूरिः)
Publisher: Shri Anekant Prakashan Jain Religious (प्रकाशक : श्री अनेकान्त प्रकाशन)
Financial Support: Shri Salvinana Aadeshwara Bhagwan Jain Derasar Trust, Chhaparisheri, Mahidharpura, Surat (श्री साळवीना आदीश्वर भगवान जैन देरासर ट्रस्ट, छापरीयाशेरी: महीधरपुराः, सुरत - ३)
Edition: Second Edition (आवृत्तिः - द्वितीया)
Copies Printed: 750
Price: 80 Rupees
Publication Date: Kartik Shukla 10, V.S. 2056 (वि.सं. २०५६ : कार्तिक-शुक्ला - १०)

Content Overview (Chapters/Sections covered in the provided text):

The text appears to be a foundational grammar treatise, covering the constituents of language and their rules. Based on the page numbers and the nature of Sanskrit grammar, the provided pages likely cover:

Invocation and Introduction (Page 8-9):
- Starts with "Om Aham Namah" (ॐ अहं नमः) and praises the "Paramatman" (Supreme Soul).
- A verse by Acharya Hemachandra is presented, dedicating the work to "Shreyah Shabdanushasanam" (auspicious word discipline).
- The word "Arham" (अर्हम्) is stated to be the name of the Supreme Being and is placed at the beginning for auspiciousness.
- Siddhi syadvaadaat (सिद्धिः स्याद्वादात्): The principles of "Siddha" (perfection) and "Syadvada" (the Jain doctrine of conditioned predication, emphasizing manifold aspects) are introduced as the basis for the study of words.
- Lokad (लोकात्): Mentions the importance of deriving knowledge from the world (lokāt) and grammarians for unstated rules and conventions.
Phonetics and Vowels (Page 9-10):
- Audantaḥ svarāḥ (औदन्ताः स्वराः): Defines vowels as sounds ending in "au" (au). Lists the vowels: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ऋ, ॠ, लृ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ.
- Ekamaātrā... (एक-द्वि-त्रिमात्रा...): Explains the concept of mātrā (mora) as a measure of time for pronunciation, defining hrasva (short), dīrgha (long), and pluta (prolonged) vowels.
- Anavarṇā nāmi (अनवर्णा नामी): Defines nāmi as sounds excluding 'a' (a).
- Lr̥dantāḥ samānāḥ (लृदन्ताः समानाः): Defines sounds ending in 'l' (l) as samāna.
- E-ai-o-au sandhyakṣaram (ए-ऐ-ओ-औ सन्ध्यक्षरम्): Identifies E, Ai, O, Au as sandhyakṣara (diphthongs or combined vowels).
- Am-aḥ anusvāra-visargau (अं-अः अनुस्वार-विसर्गौ): Defines 'am' as anusvāra (nasalization) and 'aḥ' as visarga (aspirate).
Consonants and Classification (Page 10-12):
- Kādi-vyañjanam (कादिर्व्यञ्जनम्): Defines consonants as sounds from 'k' to 'h'. Lists the consonants: क ख ग घ ङ, च छ ज झ ञ, ट ठ ड ढ ण, त थ द ध न, प फ ब भ म, य र ल व, श ष स ह.
- Apancamāntastho dhuṭ (अपञ्चमान्तस्थो धुट्): Defines dhuṭ as consonants excluding the fifth consonant of each group (nasals).
- Pañcako vargaḥ (पञ्चको वर्गः): Defines varga as groups of five consonants. Lists the groups.
- Ādya-dvitiya-śa-ṣa-sā aghoṣāḥ (आद्य-द्वितीय-श-ष-साः अघोषाः): Defines aghoṣa (voiceless) consonants as the first two of each group along with ś, ṣ, s.
- Anyo ghoṣavān (अन्यो घोषवान्): Defines ghoṣavān (voiced) consonants as those other than aghoṣa.
- Y-ra-la-vā antasthāḥ (य-र-ल-वा अन्तस्थाः): Identifies y, r, l, v as antastha (semivowels).
- Am-aḥ-k-p-śa-ṣa-sāḥ śiṭ (अं-अः-क-प-श-ष-साः शिट्): Defines śiṭ as specific sounds including 'am', 'aḥ', 'k', 'p', 'ś', 'ṣ', 's'.
- Tulyasthānā... svaḥ (तुल्यस्थानाऽऽस्यप्रयत्नः स्वः): Defines svaḥ (vowel) in relation to place of articulation and effort. This section delves into detailed classifications of sounds based on these principles, including udātta, anudātta, svarita (pitch accents), and their nasalized/non-nasalized variations. It seems to be a very technical description of phonetic classification.
Morphology and Word Formation (Page 12-15):
- Syau-jasau... (स्यौ -जसमौ - शस्-टा-भ्याम् - भिस् - डे - भ्याम्भ्यस्ङसि - भ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्-योस्-सुपां त्रयी त्रयी प्रथमाऽऽदिः): This rule outlines the trikā (groups of three) for case endings (sups) in Sanskrit nominal morphology, starting with syā, jas, etc. and their grammatical function as vibhaktis (case markers).
- Tadantaṃ padam (तदन्तं पदम्): Defines a pada (word) as ending in these vibhaktis.
- Nāmi sidyuvyañjane (नामी सिद्दुव्यञ्जने): Rules regarding when a word ending in 's' or a consonant (excluding 'y') can be considered a nāmi (noun stem) in certain contexts.
- Naṁ kyē (नं क्ये): Rules about when a nāmi ending in 'n' can be a pada when followed by kye (related to kyan, kyang, kyash suffixes).
- Na staṁ matvarthē (न स्तं मत्वर्थे): Rules about when a nāmi ending in 's' or 't' does not become a pada in matvartha (in the sense of 'possessing').
- Manurnabho'ṅgiro vati (मनुर्नभोनङ्गिरो वति): Rules for specific words (Manu, Nabhas, Angiras) when followed by 'vati' (suffix).
- Vr̥ttyanto'savē (वृत्तिरन्तोऽसवे): Rules about compounds (vr̥tti) and their endings, particularly concerning the sound 's' (savé).
- Saviśēṣaṇamākhyātaṁ vākyam (सविशेषणमाख्यातं वाक्यम्): Defines a vākya (sentence) as an ākhyāta (verb) accompanied by adjectives, whether explicit or implicit.
- Adhātu-vibhkti-vākyamarthavatrāṁ (अधातु-विभक्ति-वाक्यमर्थवत्राम): Defines artha (meaningful) word forms that are not verb-endings or sentences as nāma (noun).
- Śirghuṭ (शिर्घुट्): Rules related to specific sound changes (ādeśa) like śirghuṭ.
- Puṁ-striyoḥ syamau jas (पुं-स्त्रियोः स्यमौ जस्): Rules for gender agreement (puṁ-striya) with case endings.
- Svarādayo'vyayam (स्वरादयोऽव्ययम्): Identifies vowels and certain other words as avyaya (indeclinables).
- Ca-ādayo'sattve (चाऽऽदयोऽसत्त्वे): Indeclinables like 'ca' are formed when not denoting existence.
- Adhaṇtasyāyā śasaḥ (अधण्तस्वाया शसः): Rules about when words ending in tā, svā, śas (and other suffixes, excluding dhaṇ) become avyaya.
- Vibhkti-thāmant-tasāyābhāḥ (विभक्ति-थमन्त-तसायाभाः): Indeclinables are formed from words not ending in vibhaktis, thamanta, or tas.
- Vat-tasyām (वत्-तस्याम्): Words ending in vat and tas (and ām) can be indeclinables.
- Ktvā-tumam (क्त्वा-तुमम्): Indeclinables are formed from ktvā and tum suffixes.
- Gatiḥ (गतिः): Indeclinables can be formed from gati words.
- Apra Yogi't (अपप्रयोगीत): Defines it sounds that are not used in actual speech.
- Anantaḥ pañcamyāḥ pratyayaḥ (अनन्तः पञ्चम्याः प्रत्ययः): The suffix anta in the fifth case (pañcamī) is unspecified.
- Ḍatyatu saṅkhyāvat (डत्यतु संख्यावत्): Words ending in ḍya and atva are treated as numbers.
- Bahu-gaṇaṁ bhēdē (बहु-गणं भेदे): The words bahu and gaṇa can function as numerals in distinguishing contexts.
- K-samāsē'dhyardhaḥ (क-समासेऽध्यर्द्धः): The word adhyardha (one and a half) in compounds with 'ka' is treated as a numeral.
- Ardhpūrvapadaḥ pūraṇaḥ (अर्द्धपूर्वपदः पूरणः): Compounds with ardha as the first word, when forming ordinal numbers, are treated as numerals.
Sandhi Rules (Page 16 onwards): The text then proceeds to detail various sandhi (euphonic combination) rules, which are extensive and technical, covering vowel and consonant interactions. Examples of rules include:
- Changes to vowels when followed by other vowels or specific consonants.
- Assimilation of consonants.
- Elision (luk) of sounds.
- Changes involving specific prefixes and roots.
- Rules for compounds and their formation.
Case Endings and Nominal Morphology (Page 22 onwards): Detailed rules for the formation of nouns and their declensions in different cases, genders, and numbers are presented, with many specific exceptions and rules for particular classes of words (e.g., pronouns, numerals, derived nouns).
Verbs and Verbal Morphology (Page 65 onwards): This section likely covers:
- Kāraka (कारक): The concept of grammatical cases and their relation to the verb.
- Kartā (कर्ता): The subject.
- Karma (कर्म): The object.
- Karaṇa (करण): The instrument.
- Sampradāna (संप्रदान): The dative case (recipient).
- Apādāna (अपादान): The ablative case (source of separation).
- Adhikaraṇa (अधिकरण): The locative case (location).
- Verbal conjugations: Including tenses (vartamānā, hyesterday, tomorrow, parokṣā, āśīr, kriyātippatti), moods (ātmanepada, parasamaipada), and causative forms (ṇic).
- Specific root conjugations: Rules for how different verb roots behave in various conjugations.
Derivational Morphology (Page 111 onwards): Rules for forming derived words, including:
- Formation of nouns from verb roots.
- Formation of adjectives and adverbs.
- Use of suffixes.
- Rules for compound words (samāsa), including tatpuruṣa, karmadhāraya, and bahuvrīhi compounds.
- Specific rules for noun formation based on gender and number.
Roots (Dhatupatha) (Page 266 onwards): The latter part of the provided text includes a Dhatupatha (list of Sanskrit roots). This section is highly extensive, listing hundreds of Sanskrit verb roots, their meanings, and their grammatical implications (e.g., ātmanepada, parasamaipada, causative (ṇic), san formation, etc.). It's a dictionary of verbal roots, crucial for understanding the grammatical system.

Overall Significance:

"Siddha Hemachandra Shabdanushasanam" is a monumental work in Jain literature and Sanskrit grammar. It is highly revered for its systematic and comprehensive approach to the intricacies of Sanskrit, presented in a manner that aligns with Jain philosophical principles like Syadvada. The text is not just a grammar book but a testament to the intellectual prowess and scholarly tradition within Jainism. This Part 1 lays the essential groundwork for understanding the structure and rules of the Sanskrit language, enabling deeper study of Jain scriptures and philosophy.