Shravanbelogl Aur Dakshin Ke Anya Jain Tirth - Book Summary

This document is a summary of the book "Shrvanbelogl aur Dakshin ke anya Jain Tirth" (Sravana Belgola and Other Jain Tirthas of the South) by Rajkrishna Jain, published by Veer Seva Mandir Trust in 1953.

The book is a guide and historical overview of the significant Jain pilgrimage sites in South India, with a particular focus on Sravana Belgola and its monumental statue of Lord Bahubali (Gommateswara).

Here's a breakdown of the key themes and content:

1. Introduction and Purpose:

The book is presented as a guide for travelers and an informative resource for those unable to visit these sacred sites.
It aims to provide a concise introduction to the history and significance of these Jain pilgrimage destinations.
The preface is written by T.N. Ramachandran, Deputy Director-General of Archaeology in India, highlighting the importance of Sravana Belgola.

2. Historical Context of Jainism in South India:

The Ganga Dynasty: The book emphasizes the Golden Age of Jainism in South India, particularly in Karnataka, under the Ganga Kings. These rulers were zealous patrons of Jainism, making it their state religion and supporting Jain acharyas.
Key Figures and Events:
- Acharya Simhanandi: Instrumental in the foundation of the Ganga kingdom and advisor to the first Ganga King.
- Bahubali's Statue: The colossal statue of Bahubali at Sravana Belgola was erected by Chamunda Raja, a general under Ganga King Marasimha III. The book details the story of Bahubali's renunciation and penance.
- Migration of Bhadrabahu: The migration of the last Sruta-Kevali Bhadrabahu I and his 12,000 disciples from North to South India, along with Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, is presented as the starting point for Jainism in South India. This event also marks the initial division of Jainism into Svetambara and Digambara traditions.
- Spread of Jainism: The book traces the spread of Jainism through various acharyas and its patronage by dynasties like the Pallavas, Pandyas, Western Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Kalachuris, Hoysalas, and Vijayanagara rulers. It highlights the influence of Jainism on the political and cultural landscape of South India.
- Conversion of Vishnuvardhana: The conversion of Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana to Vaishnavism by Acharya Ramanuja is mentioned as a significant event in the later history of Jainism in the region.
Jain Philosophy: The book touches upon the core message of Jainism, emphasizing renunciation, devotion, non-violence (Ahimsa), right perception, perfect knowledge, and a spotless life as the path to spiritual liberation. It specifically highlights Ahimsa as a doctrine that influenced Mahatma Gandhi.

3. Sravana Belgola - A Detailed Account:

Significance: Sravana Belgola is described as an ancient and beautiful religious place, holding immense importance for Jain archaeology, Indian civilization, culture, and history.
Key Personalities Associated:
- Lord Bahubali: Son of the first Tirthankara Rishabhadeva, his story of renunciation and penance is central.
- Emperor Chandragupta Maurya: His association with Bhadrabahu and his own renunciation and monastic life at Chandragiri are detailed.
- Minister Chamundaray: The builder of the iconic Gommateswara statue, his role and devotion are highlighted.
Geography: The site is located between the Vindhyagiri and Chandragiri hills, near a beautiful lake. The name "Sravana Belgola" is explained as "the lake of the white Jain ascetics."
Inscriptions: The presence of approximately 500 inscriptions is noted, providing valuable historical, literary, and archaeological evidence of Jainism's past in the region. These inscriptions detail the lives of acharyas, royal patronage, and the practice of Salleskhana (voluntary fasting unto death).
The Gommateswara Statue:
- Description: The 57-foot tall, monolithic statue of Bahubali (Gommateswara) on Vindhyagiri hill is described in detail, emphasizing its immense size, artistic excellence, and serene expression. It is considered a marvel of sculpture and a symbol of renunciation, penance, and peace.
- Construction and Dedication: The book discusses the legend of how the statue was revealed through Chamundaray's golden arrow and sculpted, and the story of the humble offering of milk from an old woman that completed the consecration.
- Meaning: The statue's message of detachment from material possessions and the pursuit of inner peace is conveyed.
- Measurements: Specific measurements of the statue are provided.
Astrology of the Statue's Consecration: A section is dedicated to the astrological chart (Kundali) of the statue's consecration, analyzing the planetary positions and their auspiciousness for the statue's longevity and the prosperity of the site.
Mahamastakabhisheka: The grand ritual of the Mahamastakabhisheka (anointing of the head) is described, mentioning its historical occurrences and the materials used.
Temples and Monuments: A significant portion of the book is dedicated to describing various temples and monuments on both Vindhyagiri and Chandragiri hills, detailing their architectural styles, associated deities, and historical significance. This includes:
- Vindhyagiri: Temples, the Gommateswara statue itself, Brahmadeva pillar, and the statue of Gulkayanjji.
- Chandragiri: Numerous Jain temples like Shantinath Basti, Suparshvanath Basti, Parshvanath Basti, Kattale Basti, Chandragupta Basti, Chandrapurba Basti, Chamundaray Basti, Shashan Basti, etc., along with inscriptions and cave structures related to Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta.

4. Other Jain Tirthas in South India:

The book also provides information on other important Jain pilgrimage sites, including:
- Halebid: Known for its artistic temples, and the history of its connection to Jainism and subsequent decline.
- Venur: Where another impressive statue of Bahubali is located.
- Moodabidri: A historically significant center of Jain learning with rich manuscripts and temples.
- Karkal: Home to another significant Bahubali statue, highlighting the construction and transportation of the massive stone.
- Varang Kshetra, Stavandhi, Kuthalgiri: Other pilgrimage sites with their specific attractions.

5. Poems (Stavans):

The book includes devotional poems (stavans) dedicated to Sravana Belgola and Lord Bahubali, written by Kalyan Kumar Jain 'Shashi' and Bhagwat Jain, respectively, further enriching the devotional aspect of the pilgrimage.

In essence, "Shrvanbelogl aur Dakshin ke anya Jain Tirth" is a comprehensive and devotional guide that blends historical accounts of Jainism in South India with detailed descriptions of its architectural marvels, particularly the awe-inspiring statue of Gommateswara at Sravana Belgola. It serves as a testament to the rich legacy of Jainism and its significant contributions to Indian art, culture, and spirituality.