Shravak Achar Ki Prasangikta Ka Prashna

This document, "The Question of the Relevance of Shravak Achar" by Sagarmal Jain, argues for the continued importance and practical applicability of the conduct and duties prescribed for lay Jains (Shravaks and Shravikas). The author emphasizes that while Jainism is fundamentally a religion of ascetics (Shramanas), lay followers hold a significant and essential position within the spiritual and organizational framework of Jainism.

Here's a breakdown of the key arguments:

1. The Importance of the Lay Follower (Shravak) in the Jain Sangha:

• Foundation of the Sangha: The Jain tradition, with its fourfold Sangha (monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen), recognizes the crucial role of lay followers. They are considered the protectors and supporters of the monastic orders, providing for their material needs and acting as guardians of their conduct.
• Historical Significance: In early Jainism, lay followers had the authority to question and even expel monks or nuns who deviated from the prescribed conduct. This highlights their integral role in maintaining the integrity of the Sangha.
• Beyond Material Support: The author argues that the lay follower's importance is not solely based on material support but also on their role as a "sentinel" for the spiritual conduct of ascetics.

2. Spiritual Superiority is Based on Internal Qualities, Not Just External Form:

• Internal Purity: True spiritual advancement is not dictated by one's attire or external rituals but by inner awareness, vigilance, and freedom from attachment and agitation.
• Detachment in Daily Life: The author contends that maintaining detachment and control over desires and passions while living a householder's life is more challenging and thus, in a way, spiritually more significant than doing so in an ascetic life, which is naturally more insulated from worldly distractions.
• Examples of Spiritual Prowess: Historical examples like Stoolbhadra, who maintained celibacy amidst temptations, and the story of Seth Vijay and Sethani, are cited to illustrate that spiritual attainment is possible and can even be superior in the context of worldly life.

3. The Current Decline and the Responsibility of Lay Followers:

• Root of Ascetic Laxity: The author attributes the perceived laxity in the conduct of some ascetics to the lay followers forgetting their duty to be aware of and uphold monastic norms.
• Shifting Focus: Today, many lay followers are more interested in outward show and rituals rather than genuine spiritual practice and understanding.
• Erosion of Dharma: The author laments the decline in both knowledge and conduct among lay followers, leading to a superficial understanding and practice of Dharma. The prevalence of vices like alcohol consumption and meat-eating is seen as a direct threat to Jain culture and identity.
• The "Body" of Dharma Without the "Soul": Jainism, in practice, is becoming like an empty shell, devoid of its true spiritual essence, both among ascetics and lay followers.

4. The Relevance of Shravak Achar in the Modern Context:

• Eternal Values: The fundamental principles of Shravak Achar, such as abstaining from the seven deadly sins (Sapt Vyasan), adhering to minor vows (Anuvrat, Gunvrat, Shikshavrat), and practicing virtues, remain eternally relevant.
• Re-evaluation of Vows in Modernity: The author details the relevance of each of the twelve vows and the seven specific transgressions to modern life, showing how these ancient principles address contemporary issues like economic inequality, ethical business practices, and personal conduct.
• Practicality and Adaptability: While the core principles are immutable, the author suggests that minor adaptations in the interpretation of certain rules might be considered to maintain their relevance in the face of changing societal norms and practices.

5. Key Aspects of Shravak Achar and their Contemporary Relevance:

• Samayak Darshan (Right Faith) as the Gateway: Right faith, characterized by a rational and unwavering belief in the Jina's teachings, is the prerequisite for embracing lay life. The author criticizes the commercialization and sectarianism that have crept into the concept of Samayak Darshan.
• Kashay-Jay (Conquest of Passions): Controlling anger, pride, deceit, and greed is fundamental to Shravak conduct. The author connects the lack of control over these passions to social discord, conflict, and hypocrisy.
• Abstinence from Sapt Vyasan (Seven Deadly Sins): The author meticulously analyzes the relevance of abstaining from gambling, meat-eating, alcohol consumption, prostitution, theft, hunting, and deceit, demonstrating how these ancient prohibitions directly address modern societal ills and personal degradation.
• Practical Virtues and Conduct: The document also highlights the importance of cultivating virtues like honesty, compassion, contentment, and responsible financial management, as outlined by various Jain Acharyas. These "Marganusari" (path-following) qualities are essential for a successful and ethical life.
• Ethical Business and Economic Justice: The text emphasizes the Jain principles of fair earnings, avoiding exploitative businesses (like those involving violence or deceit), and the need for a limit on accumulation (Parigraha Pariman Vrat) to prevent economic disparity and social conflict.
• Spiritual Practices for Laypeople: The relevance of practices like Samayik (equanimity meditation), Deshavakasik (periodic retreat), and Paushadh (fasting and asceticism for a day) is discussed as essential tools for lay followers to maintain spiritual connection and mental peace amidst worldly life.

In conclusion, the book "The Question of the Relevance of Shravak Achar" strongly advocates for the enduring significance of the principles and practices prescribed for lay Jains. It calls for a revival of understanding and adherence to these tenets, emphasizing that the continuity and spiritual well-being of Jainism depend significantly on the conscious and responsible engagement of its lay followers with their prescribed conduct. The author believes that a re-evaluation and adaptation of the outward expressions of these practices, while preserving their core spirit, are necessary to ensure their continued relevance in the modern era.