Shraman Parampara Ki Ruprekha

This document is an overview of the Jain Shraman tradition, authored by Jodhsinh Mehta and published by the Bhagwan Mahavir 2500th Nirvana Samiti in 1978. The book itself is titled "Shraman Parampara Ki Ruprekha" (An Outline of the Shraman Tradition).

Here's a comprehensive summary based on the provided pages:

Core Theme: The Shraman Tradition and its Historical Significance

The book aims to present an outline of the Shraman tradition, a significant aspect of Indian culture, which is the ancient form of what is known today as Jainism. The author emphasizes that the Shraman tradition encompasses a rich history and multidimensional development from Lord Rishabhdev to Lord Mahavir and continues to the present day.

Key Aspects of the Shraman Tradition Highlighted:

• Meaning of Shraman: The term "Shraman" is explained as someone who maintains equanimity, exerts effort (shram), and controls sensual pleasures (shaman). They are ascetics and practitioners. The term "Nirgranth" (one without possessions or attachments) is also used as an ancient name for followers of this tradition.
• Ancient Roots and Continuity: The tradition is presented as extremely ancient, tracing its origins to Lord Rishabhdev, the first propagator of Shraman culture. Evidence of his existence is found in the Indus Valley Civilization and mentioned in the Rigveda and subsequent literature. The tradition emphasizes a lineage of Tirthankaras from Lord Rishabhdev to Lord Mahavir.
• Contribution to Language and Literature: The Shraman tradition has fostered literary creation in almost all Indian languages. Lord Mahavir preached in the popular language of his time, Prakrit (Ardhamagadhi). Jain acharyas composed thousands of works in Prakrit, making it essential for understanding Jainism. Later, Jain acharyas also wrote extensively in Apabhramsha and Sanskrit, covering philosophy, logic, poetry, and more. The vast number of preserved manuscripts in Jain libraries attests to their dedication to language and literature. Jain literature also significantly contributed to modern Indian languages and even laid the foundation for South Indian literature (e.g., Tamil's "Kural," Kannada works). Jain literature is noted for its emphasis on moral ideals and uplifting life principles, often incorporating figures from Vedic traditions to resonate with the populace.
• Preservation and Promotion of Arts: The Shraman tradition has actively preserved and promoted Indian arts. The oldest known sculptures are identified as Jain Tirthankaras. Jain art is prominent in the Kushan era (e.g., Mathura), Gupta period (e.g., Deogarh), and medieval period (e.g., Shravanabelagola, Khajuraho, Dilwara, Ranakpur, Belur). Jain temples, often built in remote or challenging locations, are praised for their architectural uniqueness and contribution to the aesthetic landscape of India.
• Contribution to Indian Painting: Jain tradition has made significant contributions to Indian painting. Wall paintings from Sittanavasal (contemporary to Ajanta) and those found in Ellora, Tirumalai, and Shravanabelagola are highlighted. Illustrated palm-leaf manuscripts (e.g., Shatkhandagama, Nishi-churni, Ogh-niyukti) and later paper and cloth paintings (e.g., Kalpasutra, Kalakacharya Katha) are recognized for their artistic value and are considered precious treasures of Indian art.
• Spiritual and Philosophical Depth: The book touches upon the philosophical contributions of the Shraman tradition, including the nature of the soul, stages of spiritual development, types of knowledge, theories of proof (pramana) and perspectives (naya), meditation, yogic practices, and scientific analysis of the world's true nature.
• Social Relevance and Modern Application: The text suggests that the principles of Jain philosophy and ethics are still relevant for addressing contemporary societal and religious issues. It calls for a deeper consideration of how Jain ethics and epistemology can be made more meaningful today and how followers can contribute to societal and national development.
• 2500th Nirvana Mahotsava (1974-75): A significant portion of the text details the nationwide and international celebration of Lord Mahavir's 2500th Nirvana anniversary. This celebration involved various programs like public gatherings, lectures, processions, artistic competitions, exhibitions, and the establishment of Jain research centers and educational institutions. It highlights the unified efforts of different Jain sects and the support from government and public figures. The book also mentions specific activities undertaken by the "Bhagwan Mahavir 2500th Nirvana Samiti, Mount Abu," the publisher.
• Historical Overview of Jainism: The book provides a chronological overview of Jainism, discussing key figures like Tirthankaras (Rishabhdev, Parshvanath, Neminath, Mahavir), prominent acharyas (Sudharma Swami, Jambu Swami, Bhadrabahu Swami, Sthulibhadra, Hemchandracharya, Hiravijaya Suri), rulers influenced by Jainism (Samprati, Kumarapala, Akbar), and the development of different sects (Digambara, Shvetambara, Sthanakvasi, Terapanth). It details significant events, literary works, and the spread of Jainism across different regions and periods.
• The Mahavir Stambh at Mount Abu: A significant portion is dedicated to describing the construction and inauguration of the Bhagwan Mahavir Stambh at Nakki Lake, Mount Abu, by the organizing committee. It details the design, inscriptions (teachings of Lord Mahavir in various languages), and the symbolic representations on the pillar, emphasizing its role in promoting Jain principles.
• Financial Accounts and Committee Members: The latter part of the document includes appendices detailing the financial accounts of the committee, a list of reference books consulted, and the names of the committee members who organized the 2500th Nirvana Mahotsava in Mount Abu.

Overall Purpose:

"Shraman Parampara Ki Ruprekha" serves as an informative and inspirational guide to the vast and significant Shraman tradition. It aims to inform readers about its historical depth, its contributions to Indian civilization, and its enduring relevance, particularly in the context of the 2500th Nirvana Mahotsava of Lord Mahavir. The author, Jodhsinh Mehta, is recognized for his interest in promoting Jain literature and art. The book is presented as a humble effort to shed light on this profound tradition.