Shaddravya Ki Avashyakata Va Siddhi Aur Jain Sahitya Ka Mahattva

This document is a collection of essays and a detailed preface discussing the necessity and proof of the Six Dravyas (substances) in Jainism and the importance of Jain literature. The essays were presented at a Jain literature conference organized by the Bharatvarshiya Digamber Jain Mahasabha in Lucknow.

Here's a breakdown of the key themes and content:

1. The Genesis of the Collection:

• The book is a compilation of essays submitted to a Jain Literature Conference held in Lucknow in 1922.
• The conference was inspired by Brahamchari Shitalprasadji and the devout Jain community of Lucknow.
• The plan was to award prizes for the best essays on two topics: "The Necessity and Proof of the Six Dravyas" and "The Importance of Jain Literature."
• Six essays were received in total (three on each topic), which were read at the conference and published in the monthly magazine "Digambar Jain." This book is a compilation of those essays.
• The publisher, Mulchand Kisandas Kapadia of Surat, expresses gratitude to Pt. Manikchandji Nyayacharya for writing a detailed preface.
• The publisher also apologizes for the delay in publication and the use of lighter-weight paper due to high paper costs.

2. The Preface by Pt. Manikchandji Nyayacharya:

• Praise for the Initiative: The preface begins by commending the commendable effort of Brahamchari Shitalprasadji and the Lucknow community for encouraging scholarly writing.
• Historical Context of Literary Competitions: The preface draws parallels with historical practices where scholars presented new works and received rewards from kings like Bhoj and emperors like Akbar. It notes the decline of this practice in the present day but observes its continuation in foreign countries like America and Germany, where scholars are honored with prizes and degrees.
• Revival of an Ancient Tradition: The initiative by the Jain community is seen as a revival of this ancient practice, aiming to honor scholars and elevate Jain literature.
• The Six Dravyas:
  • The preface confirms that the essays clearly established that there are indeed six Dravyas, neither seven nor five. It mentions that the Dravyas of other philosophical schools are implicitly included within these six.
  • It elaborates on the definition of a "Dravya" (substance) as something that possesses essential qualities and undergoes transformations (production, decay, permanence).
  • The interdependence and function of the six Dravyas (Jiva, Pudgala, Dharma, Adharma, Akash, and Kala) are explained through analogies and observations within the human body, illustrating their essential roles.
• The Importance of Jain Literature:
  • The preface defines true literature as that which ultimately leads the soul towards detachment (Vairagya).
  • It discusses the evolution of religious literature, from mantras in ancient times (requiring precise pronunciation) to Sanskrit literature, and then to Hindi literature for broader accessibility.
  • It emphasizes that literature is not limited to poetry but also encompasses philosophical and logical texts.
  • The criterion for great literature is its ability to reflect the nature of the world and ultimately guide the soul towards liberation.
  • It highlights the power of Jain literature, citing examples like Gomattasara and Ashtasahasri for their depth and clarity in refuting opposing viewpoints and revealing the true nature of the soul.
  • The importance of figures of speech (Vakrokti) in making literature engaging and meaningful is also discussed.
  • The preface criticizes contemporary literature that has a negative impact on character.
  • It concludes that literature is a "rasa" (essence) for the soul, drawing it towards its inherent qualities. Among the nine rasas, Shanti (peace) is considered the supreme, akin to a traveler finding rest at home after a journey.

3. The Essays:

• Essay 1: "The Necessity and Proof of the Six Dravyas" by Pt. Mathuradasji of Moraina:

  • This essay argues that the world is characterized by change and the constant pursuit of happiness.
  • It criticizes differing philosophical views on the path to happiness, comparing it to lost travelers seeking directions.
  • The essay defines "Dravya" based on the principles of "Sad Dravya Lakshanam" (the characteristic of a real substance) and "Gunaparyayavantam" (possessing qualities and modifications).
  • It delves into the philosophical concepts of "Naya" (standpoints) like Dravyaarthik Naya and Paryayaarthik Naya, explaining their role in understanding the nature of substances.
  • The essay then systematically critiques the Dravya theories of various schools of thought (Vaishheshikas, Nyayikas, Sankhya, Bauddhas), highlighting their flaws and limitations.
  • It concludes by presenting and defending the Jain concept of six Dravyas (Jiva, Pudgala, Dharma, Adharma, Akash, Kala) as comprehensive and universally applicable, demonstrating their necessity and interconnectedness. The essay provides detailed arguments against other classifications and substantiates the Jain perspective through logical reasoning and scriptural references.

• Essay 2: "The Necessity and Proof of the Six Dravyas" by Pt. Ajit Kumar Shastri of Mumbai:

  • This essay begins by describing the world as a vast ocean of suffering, with beings seeking relief and peace.
  • It defines "Dravya" as that which is composed of qualities and modifications, emphasizing that qualities are eternal while modifications are transient.
  • The essay firmly establishes the existence of two fundamental Dravyas: Jiva (consciousness) and Ajiva (non-conscious matter). It refutes materialistic views that deny the existence of a separate Jiva.
  • It then discusses Pudgala (matter) as the only form of Ajiva that is perceptible to the senses, characterized by its qualities of touch, taste, smell, and color. It argues that all physical objects are manifestations of Pudgala.
  • The essay strongly refutes the idea that Jiva is merely a product of matter or a modification of matter. It uses analogies like the human body and the illusion of life in inanimate objects to illustrate the distinct nature of Jiva.
  • It argues that the existence of Jiva is proven by its unique ability to know and experience, which is absent in matter.
  • The essay concludes that the division of reality into Jiva and Ajiva is fundamental, and the subsequent categories of Ajiva (Dharma, Adharma, Akash, Kala) are necessary to explain the mechanics of the universe.

• Essay 3: "The Importance of Jain Literature" by Pt. Banwari Lal Syadvadi of Morena:

  • This essay begins by lamenting the historical decline of Indian civilization and the destruction of Jain scriptures due to foreign invasions and internal conflicts.
  • It highlights the efforts of various individuals and groups in preserving Jain literature, acknowledging the loss of many valuable works.
  • The essay then delves into the definition and purpose of "Kavya" (poetry or literature) according to Jain tradition, citing the "Alankar Chintamani" and "Sahitya Darpan."
  • A true Kavya is described as one that is adorned with rhetorical devices, rich in rasa (aesthetic sentiment), free from defects, and beneficial for both worldly and spiritual pursuits, ultimately leading to moksha (liberation).
  • The essay contrasts Jain literature with non-Jain literature, particularly highlighting how Jain poets transform secular themes into spiritually uplifting narratives. It criticizes the overemphasis on sensual themes in some non-Jain works.
  • The essay praises Jain Mahakavyas (epic poems) for their adherence to the ideal definition of Kavya, their focus on noble themes, and their ability to inspire detachment and spiritual progress.
  • It provides numerous examples from Jain Mahakavyas like "Dharmasharmabhudaya," "Harishchandra's works," "Chandaprabha Charitra," "Yashatilaka Champu," and "Jivandhara Champu" to illustrate their literary excellence, ethical teachings, and profound spiritual content.
  • Special emphasis is placed on the skillful use of figures of speech (alankaras) and the depiction of various sentiments (rasas), particularly Shanti rasa (the sentiment of peace).
  • The essay also showcases the unique literary achievements of Jain poets, such as the use of alliteration, wordplay, and complex metrical structures, demonstrating the richness and sophistication of Jain literary traditions.

• Essay 4: "The Importance of Jain Literature" by Pt. Ajit Kumar Shastri of Mumbai:

  • This essay focuses on the literary value of Jain works, particularly in Hindi.
  • It begins by describing the human condition as one of suffering and seeking peace, and then introduces the concept of the Six Dravyas as the fundamental building blocks of the universe.
  • The essay systematically analyzes each of the six Dravyas (Jiva, Pudgala, Dharma, Adharma, Akash, Kala) from a philosophical and logical perspective, explaining their characteristics, necessity, and proofs.
  • It highlights the materialistic viewpoint and refutes it by establishing the existence of a separate, conscious soul (Jiva).
  • The essay then elaborates on the nature of Pudgala (matter) and its sensory attributes.
  • It discusses Dharma (medium of motion) and Adharma (medium of rest) as essential entities that facilitate movement and stillness, respectively, and argues for their necessity based on logical inference and the concept of "lokaloka vibhaga" (the division of the universe).
  • Akash (space) is presented as the all-pervading medium that provides existence and sustenance to all other Dravyas.
  • Kala (time) is described as the force behind change and transformation in the universe.
  • The essay concludes by reiterating the significance of the Six Dravyas in understanding the Jain worldview and emphasizes the importance of Jain literature in disseminating these profound philosophical concepts.

Overall Summary:

The book serves as a strong defense and explanation of core Jain philosophical tenets, particularly the Six Dravyas and the importance of Jain literature. The essays, supported by a comprehensive preface, aim to educate readers about the rational basis of Jainism and the rich literary heritage that uphms it. The collection demonstrates the Jain commitment to intellectual inquiry and the preservation of their philosophical and literary traditions.