Sankshipta Jain Itihas Part 02 Khand 01 - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Samkshipta Jain Itihas Part 02 Khand 01" by Kamtaprasad Jain:

Overall Purpose and Context:

This book is the first part of the second volume of a larger work titled "Samkshipta Jain Itihas" (Concise Jain History). It aims to provide a historical overview of Jainism, focusing on the period from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. The author, Kamtaprasad Jain, was a respected scholar and writer of Jain literature. This volume is dedicated to the memory of Sau. Savitribai, the late wife of Mulchand Kisandas Kapadia, the publisher.

Author's Introduction (Prastavana):

The Significance of Jainism: The author begins by referencing modern national leaders who lauded Jainism for its principles of non-violence and its teachings of true communism, stating that these accolades become truly meaningful when the historical actions of Jains demonstrate their valor and the completeness of their lives through the practice of Ahimsa (non-violence).
The Need for History: Jain history, according to the author, is crucial for people to understand and respect the Jain community. Just as an individual is honored by knowing their lineage, a community gains respect through its history.
Author's Previous Work and This Volume: The first part of "Samkshipta Jain Itihas," which covered the mythological history before 600 BCE, has already been published. This current volume, the first part of the second volume, covers the period from the 6th century BCE to the 13th century CE, with this particular segment detailing events from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE.
Key Themes of the Period: The author highlights the valor displayed by Jains in upholding the principles of non-violence, their success in all aspects of life, their role as great emperors who enhanced India's prestige abroad, their prowess as warriors who terrified enemies, their success as merchants who amassed wealth and used it for public welfare, and their spiritual achievements through meditation and knowledge.
Jainism as a Force for Valor and Fulfillment: The author argues that Jainism's principle of Ahimsa is inherently linked to valor and the fulfillment of human life. The ancient history of Jains serves as a lesson for modern Jains to be vigilant, active, and diligent.
Completeness and Future Volumes: The author acknowledges that this volume might not be entirely exhaustive but assures that efforts were made to make it as complete as possible. A second part of the second volume is in preparation.

Publisher's Note:

The publisher expresses gratitude to Kamtaprasad Jain for his extensive research (spanning approximately 100 books in English, Hindi, and Sanskrit) and for compiling this history. They reiterate that this volume, like the first, is being presented as a gift to the subscribers of "Digambar Jain" magazine, and is also available for purchase by others.

Content Overview (Based on the Table of Contents and Chapter Titles):

The book aims to provide a chronological and thematic account of Jain history within the specified period. Key areas covered include:

Prastavana (Introduction): Sets the context, discusses Jainism's origins and principles, and outlines the scope of the current volume.
Shishunaga Dynasty (645-480 BCE): Details the origins of the Shishunaga dynasty, its prominent kings like Bimbisara (Shrenika), Ajatashatru (Kunika), Udayin, and Mahanandin, and their political and social influence. It emphasizes the Jain leanings of some of these rulers.
Lichchhavi and Other Republics: Discusses the republican systems in ancient India, specifically focusing on the Lichchhavis, King Chetaka, and other confederations like the Shakyas and Mallas. It highlights their democratic structures and their interactions with the Magadha empire.
Jnatrika Kshatriyas and Lord Mahavir: Focuses on the lineage of the Jnatrika clan, the family of Lord Mahavir, his life and teachings, the concept of Nirgranthas (Jains), and the presence of other contemporary religious figures like Gosala Mankhaliputra, Gautama Buddha, and their philosophical differences. It traces the spread of Jainism during this period.
Veer Sangh and Other Kings: Describes the structure and prominent figures within the Jain monastic order (Veer Sangh), including its chief Ganadharas like Gautama and Sudharma. It also discusses the influence of other kings and prominent individuals of the time.
Civilization and Circumstances of the Period: Examines the political, social, status of women, religious conditions, the practices of monks and nuns, and the conduct of lay followers (shravakas) during that era.
Lord Mahavir's Nirvana Period: Discusses the timeframe of Lord Mahavir's nirvana, referencing various eras like Veer Samvat, Shalivahana, Nahapana, and Vikram Samvat.
The Last Kevali, Shriman Jambuswami: Details the life of Jambuswami, the last omniscient being in Jain tradition, from his childhood to his liberation.
Nanda Dynasty: Covers the reign of the nine Nandas, including Nandivardhana and Mahanandin, and their historical significance.
Alexander the Great's Invasion and Contemporary Jain Ascetics: Discusses Alexander's invasion of India, its impact, and the encounters between his forces and prominent Jain ascetics (Gymnosophists, Mandanis, Kalanos), highlighting their philosophical discussions and the influence of Jain principles.
Shrutakevali Bhadrabahu and Other Acharyas: Focuses on the lineage of Shrutakevalis (those who possessed complete knowledge of scriptures) after Jambuswami, with a detailed account of Bhadrabahu, the schism in the Jain Sangha, and the transmission of Jain knowledge.
The Maurya Empire: This is a substantial section covering the rise of the Maurya dynasty, Chandragupta Maurya, his reign, administration, and his possible Jain affiliation. It also discusses Seleucus, Ashoka's reign, his campaigns (Kalinga war), his edicts, his patronage of Dharma (potentially influenced by Jainism), inscriptions, and the eventual decline of the empire. It mentions subsequent rulers like Samprati and their connection with Jainism.

Key Takeaways and Themes:

Jainism's Historical Depth: The book strongly emphasizes the antiquity and continuity of Jainism, tracing its influence from early times through influential figures like the Tirthankaras and historical emperors.
Valor in Ahimsa: A core argument is that non-violence in Jainism is not passive but a source of great strength and valor, demonstrated through the lives of historical Jains.
The Importance of History: The author believes that understanding Jain history is vital for the community's respect and identity.
Interactions with Other Religions and Cultures: The text explores Jainism's interactions with Vedic traditions, Buddhism, and even foreign influences like the Greek invasion, highlighting instances of philosophical exchange and sometimes conflict.
Prominence of Jain Figures: The book details the lives and contributions of key Jain figures, including the Tirthankaras (especially Mahavir), Ganadharas, historical rulers with Jain leanings (like Chandragupta Maurya, Samprati, and possibly Ashoka), and influential acharyas like Bhadrabahu.
Social and Political Context: The author strives to place Jain history within its broader socio-political landscape, discussing the governance systems, social structures, economic activities, and the roles of men and women in ancient India.
Scholarly Approach: The author cites various sources, including ancient Jain texts, historical inscriptions, and works by other scholars (both Indian and foreign), indicating a research-driven approach. The extensive list of references in the "Sanketakshar Suchi" (List of Abbreviations) further underscores this.
Dedication and Publication: The book is dedicated to Savitribai Kapadia and published by Mulchand Kisandas Kapadia, suggesting a strong patronage and commitment to promoting Jain knowledge.

This summary provides a detailed overview of the content and main arguments presented in the first part of the second volume of "Samkshipta Jain Itihas."