Sankshipta Jain Itihas Part 01 Khand 02 - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Sankshipta Jain Itihas Part 01 Khand 02" by Kamtaprasad Jain, based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Sankshipta Jain Itihas Part 01 Khand 02 Author: Kamtaprasad Jain Publisher: Mulchand Kisandas Kapadia

This volume, the second part of the second section, covers the ancient history of Jains from approximately 250 BCE to 1300 CE. The author, Kamtaprasad Jain, is lauded for his diligent historical research, aiming to bring to light the significant contributions and history of the Jain community.

Core Purpose and Methodology: The book aims to dispel misconceptions about Jainism, particularly regarding its adherence to Ahimsa (non-violence), which has sometimes been misconstrued as weakness. The author intends to present a factual historical account, acknowledging the use of Jain narratives and oral traditions alongside documented historical evidence. He emphasizes that these traditions are considered valid until proven otherwise by independent sources, and he has strived for impartiality in his presentation.

Key Themes and Coverage:

Importance of History: The book begins by underscoring the crucial role of history in shaping national identity, pride, and self-awareness. It emphasizes that a true understanding of the past is vital for progress.
Jainism as a Force for Strength: Contrary to the notion of Ahimsa leading to cowardice, the author presents Jain history as demonstrating that adherence to Jain principles, including Ahimsa, has inspired strength, valor, and righteousness in its followers. Historical figures like Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, Samprati, and Kharavela are highlighted as examples of Jain heroes who defended their land and propagated their faith.
Chronological and Thematic Approach: The book systematically traces the history of Jainism through various ruling dynasties and regions of India:
- Indo-Bactrian and Indo-Parthian Rule: Discusses the influence and presence of Jainism during these periods, including the possible Jain leanings of King Menander and the establishment of Jain stupas in Taxila.
- Shaka and Kushan Empires: Details the patronage of Jainism by Shaka rulers like Nahapana and the flourishing of Jainism in Mathura during the Kushan period. It highlights Nahapana's possible identity as the Jain ruler Naravahana and the subsequent revival of Jain scripture.
- Emperor Kharavela of Kalinga: A significant portion is dedicated to the illustrious Jain emperor Kharavela, detailing his reign, military conquests (including his invasion of Magadha), administrative reforms, patronage of Jainism, and his role in the revival of the Twelve Limbs of Jain scripture (Dvadashanga Vani). His significant architectural contributions and charitable acts are also mentioned.
- Gupta Empire and Jainism: Examines the presence and influence of Jainism during the Gupta period, a time of significant cultural and intellectual flourishing. It notes the patronage of Jainism by some rulers, the impact of Jain philosophy on the era, and the development of Jain literature. The account of the Chinese traveler Fa-Hien provides insights into the religious landscape of the time, noting the prevalence of Jainism alongside Buddhism and Hinduism.
- Hsuan Tsang's Accounts: The book incorporates the observations of the Chinese traveler Hsuan Tsang regarding the presence and practices of Jains in various parts of India, including Afghanistan, Punjab, and Bengal.
- Jainism in Gujarat: A substantial section focuses on the significant presence and development of Jainism in Gujarat from ancient times through the Solanki and Vaghela dynasties. It details the patronage of Jainism by rulers like Vanaraja, Siddharaja, and Kumarapala, and the important role of Jain ministers and scholars like Vastupala, Tejapala, and Hemachandra. The genesis of Shvetambara Agam texts is discussed here, along with the close resemblance of some Shvetambara practices and scriptures to those of Buddhism, suggesting potential borrowing or parallel development.
- Jainism in Other Northern Indian Kingdoms: The book explores the influence of Jainism in regions ruled by Rajput clans, including the Pratiharas of Kannauj, the Chauhans of Ajmer, the Rathores of Marwar, and the Kachwahas of Gwalior. It highlights the patronage of Jainism by various rulers and the construction of Jain temples and statues.
- Jainism in Central India: The influence of Jainism in regions like Bundelkhand, Malwa, and Madhya Pradesh is discussed, mentioning the patronage of Jain scholars and rulers like the Chandellas and Parmaras, including the prominent king Bhoja.
- Jainism in Bengal and Orissa: The book notes the historical presence of Jainism in these eastern regions, mentioning its decline due to later invasions and the rise of other religious sects.
- Jainism in Rajasthan: Detailed accounts are provided of the influence of Jainism in Mewar, Marwar, and Ajmer, highlighting the patronage of Jainism by Rajput rulers like the Guhilots, Rathores, and Chauhans, and the significant role of Jain scholars and merchants.
- Jain Sanghas and Sub-sects: The text delves into the evolution of Jain Sanghas and the emergence of sub-sects, including the divergence of the Digambara and Shvetambara traditions. It discusses the development of various Gachhas and the philosophical and practical differences that arose over time. The influence of external religious traditions (like Brahmanism and Buddhism) on Jainism is also touched upon, particularly regarding changes in practices and scriptures.
- Sub-castes and their Origins: The book explores the origins of various Jain communities and sub-castes, such as the Agarwals, Khandels, Oswals, and Lambakanchukas, attributing their emergence to historical circumstances, social shifts, and conversions.
- Vikram Samvat and Jain Tradition: The book discusses the connection between the Vikram Samvat and Jain tradition, offering historical perspectives on its origins and the role of Jain scholars in its popularization.
- Jain Dharma's Practical Utility: The author emphasizes that Jainism, even in its adherence to Ahimsa, promotes practicality and strength, not weakness, and has historically inspired individuals to be righteous and responsible.

Overall Significance: "Sankshipta Jain Itihas Part 01 Khand 02" serves as a valuable resource for understanding the rich and complex history of Jainism in ancient and medieval India. It illuminates the pervasive influence of Jainism across different regions and ruling dynasties, highlighting the contributions of Jain kings, scholars, merchants, and ordinary individuals to the cultural and spiritual landscape of India. The book underscores the resilience of Jainism, its adaptability, and its enduring principles of peace, righteousness, and strength.