Sankshipta Jain Itihas Part 01 Khand 01

This comprehensive summary synthesizes the key information presented in the provided Jain text, "Sankshipta Jain Itihas Part 01 Khand 01" by Kamtaprasad Jain.

Overall Scope and Purpose:

This book, the first installment of the second part of "Sankshipta Jain Itihas," aims to provide a historical overview of Jainism from approximately 600 BCE to 200 CE (though the content covers periods beyond this, focusing on the foundational eras). The author, Kamtaprasad Jain, emphasizes the importance of Jain history in showcasing the bravery and success of Jains who followed the principles of ahimsa (non-violence) and achieved fulfillment in all aspects of life. The work is presented as a contribution to making Jain history accessible to the general public, highlighting the Jain tradition's ability to teach people to be alert, aware, and active.

Key Themes and Content Areas:

• The Essence of Jainism: The text begins by defining Jainism as the "religion of virtuous heroes" (Vinayi Viron Ka Dharm), emphasizing the core principle of self-control and victory over negative impulses rather than conquest. It posits that true victory lies in conquering injustice, wickedness, and evil desires through the intellect and self-effort.

• Ancient Origins and Continuity: The book asserts the inherent antiquity of Jainism, tracing its origins to Lord Rishabhdev, the first Tirthankar, who is considered a contemporary of Manu and an eighth avatar in Hindu Puranas. The text acknowledges the presence of twenty-three other Tirthankaras who re-established the same eternal truths in different eras, adapting to the changing times. It highlights that figures like Lord Ramachandra and Lord Krishna were associated with the periods of Tirthankaras Munisuvratnath and Neminath respectively.

• Historical Figures and Their Significance:

  • Tirthankaras: The text emphasizes that the Jains' protectors were the twenty-four Tirthankaras, who were heroic figures and jewels of the world. They attained supreme knowledge and showed the path of vinaya (virtue/humility).
  • Lord Mahavir: The ultimate Tirthankar, Lord Mahavir, is presented as the focal point of the later historical period. His life and teachings, from his birth to his nirvana, mark the beginning of a verifiable Jain history.
  • Lord Parshvanath: He is recognized as an historical figure preceding Lord Mahavir, with evidence from archaeological findings and Buddhist texts supporting his existence.
  • Other Key Figures: The text mentions various historical figures, including kings, scholars, and merchants, who contributed to the prestige of India and the spread of Jainism.

• Historical Periods Covered (as indicated in the chapter headings and introductions):

  • Pre-6th Century BCE: Covered in the first part of the overall history.
  • 6th Century BCE to 2nd Century CE: This volume specifically covers this period, detailing the bravery and success of Jains.
  • Shishunaga Dynasty (approx. 645-480 BCE): The text provides a detailed account of this dynasty, focusing on kings like Bimbisara (Shrenika), Ajatashatru (Kunika), and their association with Jainism. It highlights Shrenika Bimbisara's patronage of Jainism and his interactions with Lord Mahavir.
  • The Licchavis and Other Republics: The book elaborates on the democratic states of ancient India, particularly the Licchavis of Vaishali, the Sakyas, and the Mallas. It describes their political structure, social life, and their adherence to Jain principles. King Chetaka, the father of Lord Mahavir's mother, Trishala, is prominently featured.
  • Lord Mahavir's Teachings and Ministry: The text delves into Lord Mahavir's life, his renunciation, ascetic practices, kevalgyan (omniscience), and his extensive preaching across various regions of India. It discusses his interactions with various rulers and philosophical figures of his time, including Makkhali Gosala.
  • The Veer Sangha and Its Members: The text details the composition of Lord Mahavir's monastic community (Sangha), including the eleven chief ganadharas (disciples) like Indrabhuti Gautam, Agniibhuti, Vayubhuti, and others, their lineages, and their contributions. It also mentions prominent lay followers, including kings and merchants.
  • Socio-Cultural Context: The book sheds light on the civilization, social conditions, the importance of women, religious practices, the conduct of monks and nuns, and the principles of lay discipleship (shravakachaar) during that era.
  • The End of Lord Mahavir's Life: The text describes Lord Mahavir's nirvana (liberation) in Pavapuri.
  • The Last Kevalin, Jambu Swami: The narrative continues with Jambu Swami, the last omniscient being after Lord Mahavir, detailing his life, asceticism, and his role in preserving the Jain tradition.
  • The Nanda Dynasty (approx. 459-326 BCE): This section discusses the rise and fall of the Nanda dynasty, their rulers, and their relationship with Jainism, noting their antipathy towards Brahmins and their patronage of Jainism.
  • Alexander the Great's Invasion and Jain Sadhus: The text discusses Alexander's invasion and the significant impact it had on the interaction between Greek and Indian cultures. It highlights the presence of Jain sadhus in the northwest, their encounters with Greek visitors like Onesicritus, and the philosophical discussions that ensued. The yogic practices and principles of Jain ascetics, like the famous Kalanos (Mandanis), are also mentioned.
  • Shrutakevali Bhadrabahu and Other Acharyas: This section focuses on the transmission of Jain scriptures (Shruta Jnana) and the role of scholars like Bhadrabahu, who is considered the last Shrutakevali. The text touches upon the eventual schism within the Jain community during this period, attributed to the Great Famine and subsequent events.
  • The Mauryan Empire (approx. 326-188 BCE): This extensive section covers the rise of Chandragupta Maurya, his relationship with Chanakya, and the establishment of a vast empire. It delves into Chandragupta's potential Jain leanings, his administrative reforms, social conditions, and his interactions with foreign dignitaries like Megasthenes.
  • Ashoka's Reign: A significant portion is dedicated to Emperor Ashoka, examining his transformation from a warrior king after the Kalinga war to a proponent of Dharma (Dharma-vijaya). The text analyzes the extent to which Ashoka's policies and edicts reflect Jain principles, particularly regarding ahimsa, vegetarianism, and the concept of dharma. It discusses the use of Prakrit in his inscriptions and the specific Jain terminology found therein.
  • Subsequent Mauryan Rulers and the Decline of the Empire: The summary touches upon Bindusara, Sampati (another prominent Jain patron), and the eventual decline of the Mauryan empire, attributing it to internal factors and the rise of other dynasties like the Shungas.

• Key Concepts and Beliefs Highlighted:

  • Ahimsa (Non-violence): The foundational principle of Jainism, emphasized as the source of true strength and fulfillment.
  • Vinaya (Virtue/Humility): Jainism is presented as the religion of virtuous heroes who achieve victory through self-control.
  • Spiritual and Material Fulfillment: The text showcases how Jains in ancient times achieved success in both material pursuits (trade, governance) and spiritual development.
  • The Sangha (Community): The fourfold Jain community (monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen) is described as integral to the faith.
  • Karma Theory: The concept of karmic influx and liberation (moksha) is implicitly discussed as the ultimate goal.
  • Importance of History: The author stresses that understanding history is crucial for present actions and for fostering pride and identity within the community.

Methodology and Sources:

The author acknowledges drawing upon a vast array of sources, including English, Hindi, and Sanskrit texts, and mentions specific references from Jain scriptures, historical accounts, and works by prominent scholars (e.g., Vincent Smith, R.C. Dutt, R.L. Mitra). The "Shuddhayashuddhipatra" (Correction Page) at the end indicates a rigorous editorial process.

Publisher and Dedication:

The book is published by Mulchand Kisandas Kapadia and is dedicated to Sau. Savitabai Sarak, as part of the "Savitabai Sarak Smarak Pragyamaala."

Overall Tone and Significance:

"Sankshipta Jain Itihas Part 01 Khand 01" is a scholarly yet accessible work that aims to instill a sense of pride and understanding of Jain history among its readers. It positions Jainism as a tradition that has consistently promoted righteousness, bravery, and holistic well-being, offering valuable lessons for modern times. The book serves as a crucial resource for anyone interested in the early history and formative periods of Jainism in ancient India.