Sankalit Sanskrit Niyamavali

This document appears to be a Sanskrit grammar textbook for Jains, titled "Sankalit Sanskrit Niyamavali" (Collected Sanskrit Rules) by Divyaratnavijay, published by Naminath Jain Sangh. The text focuses on providing essential Sanskrit grammar rules in a structured and accessible manner, particularly for those following Jain principles.

Here's a breakdown of the content based on the provided pages:

Overall Purpose:

• The book aims to simplify the learning of Sanskrit grammar, which is crucial for studying Jain scriptures.
• It acknowledges the complexity of Sanskrit grammar and the time constraints of modern individuals, thus providing a condensed set of important rules.
• The text emphasizes the importance of correct word usage and the role of grammar in achieving that.

Key Content Areas Covered:

1. Introduction and Acknowledgment (Pages 1-6):

   • Page 1: Introduces the book's purpose and dedicates it to the "Dina Satat Niyamavali."
   • Page 2: Lists the authors and compilers, including their lineage within Jain monastic orders. It also mentions the publisher, location, edition details, price, and printing information.
   • Page 3: Discusses the second edition, mentioning corrections made and thanking the Kakinda Jain Sangh for sponsoring the republication. It also lists sources for obtaining the book.
   • Page 4: Contains blessings and auspicious verses, likely from Jain Acharyas, highlighting the spiritual benefit of studying Sanskrit.
   • Page 5: Explains the significance of Sanskrit language and grammar, referencing the ancient grammarians Panini and Hemachandra Suri. It emphasizes Sanskrit's suitability for scientific and computational applications and its necessity for Jain scholars.
   • Page 6: Further elaborates on the compilation process, highlighting the efforts of Munivar Shri Divyaratna Vijayji and the meticulous review by Munivar Shri Abhaysekar Vijayji. It clarifies that this is not a comprehensive textbook but a collection of rules, and welcomes suggestions for improvement. It also expresses gratitude to financial supporters, printers, and collaborators.

2. Table of Contents (Page 7):

   • This page provides a detailed chapter outline, covering a wide range of Sanskrit grammar topics. The topics include:
     • Phonetics and Alphabets (Varna Vichar): Vowels, consonants, their classification and articulation.
     • Word and Form Types: Roots, suffixes, derived forms.
     • Tenses (Kaal) and Moods (Arth): Six tenses and four moods.
     • Verb Conjugation (Gan, Gan-karya): Rules for different verb classes ( ganas) and their modifications.
     • Sandhi (Euphony): Rules for joining vowels and consonants, including exceptions.
     • Case Endings (Vibhakti): Explanation of the eight case endings and their usage.
     • Sentence Structure (Vakya Rachna): Rules for constructing sentences.
     • Voice (Karmaṇi Prayog): Rules for passive voice construction.
     • Noun Declensions: Rules for names ending in consonants.
     • Derivational Suffixes (Pratyaya): Various suffixes used to form words.
     • Taddhita and Samasa: Rules for forming derived words (taddhita) and compound words (samasa).
     • Irregular Verbs and Nouns.
     • Specific verb roots and their conjugations.
     • Various types of Samasa: Dvigu, Bahuvrihi, Avyayibhava, Karmadharaya, Tatpurusha, etc.
     • Kridanta (Verbal Nouns/Adjectives): Various types of kridanta formations.

3. Detailed Grammar Rules (Pages 8-102):

   • Pages 8-16: Cover phonetics, Sandhi rules (vowel sandhi, consonant sandhi, visarga sandhi), and introduce the concepts of word structure (nature, suffix), verb roots, and noun forms.
   • Pages 10-11: Detail the six tenses (Vartamana, Past tenses: Hyastan, Adyatan, Paroksha; Future tenses: Svastana, Samanya) and the four moods (Ajna, Vidhya, Kriyativpatya, Ashirvad).
   • Pages 11-12: Explain the concept of "Gana" (verb classes) and "Gan-karya" (changes due to ganas) in Sanskrit grammar, linking them to the book's structure.
   • Pages 12-14: Provide detailed rules for verb conjugation, including the differences between parasmepadi (active voice) and atmanepadi (middle voice) suffixes for different tenses and moods.
   • Pages 14-18: Focus on Sandhi rules, providing numerous examples for vowel sandhi, consonant sandhi, and visarga sandhi.
   • Pages 22-26: Explain the usage of Vibhakti (case endings) and introduce the concept of "Karaka" (case roles) and "Upapada Vibhakti" (case usage determined by specific words).
   • Pages 23-26: Discuss sentence formation rules related to specific verb meanings and cases.
   • Pages 27-30: Cover different types of sentence constructions (Kartari Prayog, Karmani Prayog, Bhave Prayog) and detail the rules for Karmani Prayog (passive voice) and the concept of dwikarmak (verbs with two objects).
   • Pages 31-35: Dive into noun declensions for masculine, feminine, and neuter gender, including special rules for consonant-ending nouns.
   • Pages 36-40: Elaborate on Kridanta (verbal derivatives), explaining various types like Khetavartha (purpose), Sambandhaka Bhuta (conjunctive participle past), Karmani Bhuta (past passive participle), and Kartari Bhuta (past active participle).
   • Pages 40-45: Detail verb conjugation rules for different Ganas (verb classes), including specific modifications and rules for various verb roots.
   • Pages 45-53: Continue with verb conjugation rules, covering tenses, moods, and specific verb classes (Ganas).
   • Pages 53-57: Explain the concept of "Vet" (roots that take reduplication in certain tenses) and "Anvit" (roots that do not). It also details the six tenses and their corresponding suffixes for both perasmai and atmanepada.
   • Pages 57-60: Focus on the "Ashirvadarth" (optative mood) and its rules, as well as the general rules for the six tenses.
   • Pages 60-64: Detail the rules for the "Adivacaka" (imperative) mood and the five types of present tense formations.
   • Pages 64-70: Cover various verb conjugation rules, including specific modifications for different verb classes, the use of the "Sana" suffix for expressing desire, and irregular verb conjugations.
   • Pages 70-72: Explain numeral words and their declensions.
   • Pages 72-73: Provide further rules for forming numbers and compound numbers.
   • Pages 73-77: Detail the declension of various noun types, including "Sakhi," "Svadhi," "Nadi," "Nafan," "Div," and consonant-ending nouns.
   • Pages 77-85: Continue with noun declensions, covering various endings and irregular declensions like "Kroshṭu," "Arvan," "Div," "Anaduh," "Ashthi," and "Sukhi."
   • Pages 85-89: Discuss rules related to adjectives and their usage, including comparative and superlative forms (Tara, Tama), and rules for forming possessive adjectives (Mat, Van, Vin, etc.).
   • Pages 89-92: Explain the formation of causative verbs (Prerak Rup) and the rules associated with them.
   • Pages 92-93: Cover rules for expressing desire (Icchadarsak - Sananta) and rules for forming adverbs and verbal nouns.
   • Pages 93-100: Detail Kridanta (verbal derivatives) in depth, covering various types, tenses, moods, and suffixes. This includes extensive rules for specific suffixes and their applications.
   • Pages 100-119: Provide an extensive section on Samasa (compound words), covering various types like Dvigu, Tatpurusha, Bahuvrihi, Avyayibhava, Karmadharaya, and their sub-types and rules.
   • Pages 119-123: Elaborate on the rules for Bahuvrihi Samasa, including its different categories.
   • Pages 123-126: Discuss Avyayibhava Samasa and the rules for its formation.
   • Pages 126-137: Detail the extensive rules for Tatpurusha Samasa, breaking it down by the case ending of the first word (Dvitiya, Tritiya, Chaturthi, Panchami, Shasthi, Saptami). This section also covers rules for "Aluk" Samasa and "Nitya" Samasa.
   • Pages 137-139: Explain the formation of Kridanta (verbal derivatives) and discuss various suffixes like Kta, Satru, Shana, etc.
   • Pages 139-140: Focus on "Anu-kr" (habitual or repeated action) and "Sana" (desire) forms.
   • Pages 140-141: Explain causative verb formation (Prerak Rup) and the rules for forming them.
   • Pages 141-142: Discuss the application of causative verbs and the rules for forming them with various prefixes and verb roots. It also covers the concept of "Karma-karta" (verb that appears to be active but is semantically passive).
   • Pages 142-145: Detail rules for forming desiderative verbs (Sananta) and the formation of desiderative nouns.

Key Features:

• Systematic Approach: The book follows a logical progression, starting from basic sounds and progressing to complex grammatical structures.
• Jain Context: While a Sanskrit grammar text, it's compiled within a Jain context, suggesting a focus on terms and examples relevant to Jainism.
• Compilation of Rules: It acts as a compilation of essential rules rather than a treatise on grammar, making it practical for students.
• Clear Explanations and Examples: The text provides explanations and examples to illustrate the grammatical rules.

In essence, "Sankalit Sanskrit Niyamavali" is a valuable resource for anyone wishing to learn Sanskrit grammar, particularly within the Jain tradition, offering a comprehensive yet organized guide to the intricacies of the language.