Samullasa

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Introduction and Scope of the Work:

The reviewer begins by stating familiarity with the collection titled "Samullasa" (which is associated with the phrase "Satyam Shiv Sundaram"). Of the 38 articles within, the reviewer recalls having read or heard about 32 previously, with six being entirely new. The reviewer notes that even previously encountered articles offer a different experience when read together in a relaxed setting, allowing for deeper reflection and evaluation. The collection's title, "Samullasa," is derived from the "pure joy" the reviewer experienced while listening to and contemplating the articles.

Author's Perspective and Approach:

A significant portion of the review addresses the author's perspective, particularly concerning the perception that the collection is solely focused on the Jain tradition. The reviewer clarifies that while many articles were published in Jain publications and address issues within the Jain community, the author, Shri Parmanand Kapadia, does not think or write with a narrow or sectarian view. His approach, even when addressing Jain issues, is consistently rooted in truth-seeking and humanism. The reviewer uses an analogy of a Muslim or Christian writing about their respective faiths with universal humanistic appeal, suggesting that readers should look beyond the specific tradition and grasp the author's broader perspective. The core message is that the author's writings are applicable to universal questions faced by all communities, and readers should focus on the author's guiding vision, which is presented as broad and truth-oriented.

Structure and Content of the Collection:

The "Samullasa" collection is divided into five parts:

1. Samaj Darshan (Social Observation/Insight): This section contains 15 articles.

   • Dhrutapratishtha (Speculation/Gambling): This article critiques speculative activities, exploring their origins, forms, historical consequences, the role of ascetics in promoting renunciation, and the current pervasive nature of gambling. The reviewer praises the author's detailed and nuanced analysis, particularly his ability to distinguish between legitimate business and speculative practices from a merchant's perspective.
   • Varnasankar (Mixed Lineage/Class): This article delves into the concept of "Varnasankar," moving from general principles to specific examples within the author's own community. It examines the essence of the Vaishya (merchant) identity and the Jain identity, highlighting their respective worldly and spiritual aspects. The author illustrates how the pursuit of narrow self-interest can lead to detrimental outcomes when these two aspects are not harmonized.
   • Kuncham (Greed/Hoarding): This article touches upon society, religion, education, and psychology. The reviewer likens its style to a flowing stream. It explores the tension between following tradition and pursuing truth, and how this conflict can lead to societal transformation. The discussion on youthful attraction is described as a "prose poem."
   • Social Unity and Individual Freedom: This piece discusses the impossibility and undesirability of complete uniformity of thought and action in a developed society. It critiques totalitarian systems and explores how internal discord can manifest within seemingly unified groups. The author analyzes the conflict between unity and individual freedom, and how they can coexist and contribute to progress. The discussion on partisan divisions is seen as an analysis of nayavada (perspectivism).
   • Points 1-6 (on pages 34-35): These points elucidate the difference between limited understanding with pride and greater understanding with humility, offering a societal application of nayavada and anekantavada (non-absolutism).
   • Jain Dharmama Striyone Sthan (The Place of Women in Jainism): Written 35 years prior, this article offers a comparative perspective on the place of women in Jainism. The reviewer finds the Jain philosophical stance well-presented and superior to the Hindu perspective based on Jain narrative literature and societal practices. However, it also depicts the practical deviations of the Jain community from its own philosophical ideals, influenced by Vedic and Smart traditions.
   • The Question of Initiation (Diksha): The article critiques the current state of religious initiation, calling some practices "inferior" and "intellectually stagnant." It emphasizes that initiation is not merely religious/spiritual but also social, requiring consideration of social well-being. The reviewer acknowledges that the impact of the surrounding society affects the initiated, and strong ascetics can elevate society.
   • Child Initiation and Inappropriate Initiation: These articles address the disgraces faced by parents due to inappropriate or child initiations, encouraging the monastic and lay communities to confront these truths openly.
   • Articles 9-14: These six articles address the issue of untouchability within the Jain community and its negative consequences, while also presenting the true foundations of Jain philosophy and religion.
   • Devadravya no Upayog (Use of Temple Wealth): This article explores various perspectives on the use of temple wealth. The reviewer notes that this issue has been discussed extensively and recommends the article for its comprehensive treatment. A poignant quote highlights the author's critique of religious institutions resisting government regulation as a sign of arrested social evolution.

2. Tatvacharya (Philosophical Discussion): This section includes four articles.

   • Mahatvakanksha (Ambition): This article discusses the philosophical and practical aspects of ambition, distinguishing between pure ambition driven by spiritual purity and the monstrous form it takes when purity declines.
   • Incomplete Understanding of Ahimsa (Non-violence): This article presents the philosophical nature of ahimsa, aiming to dispel the hatred and doubts arising from its misunderstood application. It serves as a living commentary on ahimsa as clarified by Gandhi's thoughts and actions. The reviewer notes that while the author is inherently a Jain ahimsavadi, his understanding was solidified by Gandhi's example. The critique of Jain society and ascetics is seen as a common observation, with other religious institutions also suffering from distorted interpretations of ahimsa.
   • Charansparsh and Vandan Vidhi (Foot-touching and Greeting Rituals): This article argues that the original context for these rituals has changed, leading to unmerited respect for some and disregard for the truly virtuous who lack formal titles. It highlights how these practices can create barriers and do not necessarily honor true merit.
   • Consequences of Moral Degradation: This article discusses the outcomes of moral decline, asserting that they are scientifically and philosophically grounded. It criticizes the practice of attributing misfortunes to personal animosity as a means of moral instruction, arguing that true causality is often misunderstood. The author clarifies that while fear of adverse events can be psychologically useful, it is not the cause of either benefit or harm. The concept of detachment is also examined, refuting the idea that impermanence or impurity are its direct causes.

3. Rutuvarnan (Seasonal Description): This section is highlighted as adding a new chapter to vernacular literature. While classical texts describe seasons, this description is presented as originating from a unique perspective. It aims to engage students, teachers, and professors, fostering an appreciation for each season and a sense of unity with nature. The reviewer notes that the author finds joy even in the intense summer and winter, and this experience is conveyed through evocative prose. The author's art lies in presenting the experienced aspects of each season in a way that awakens the reader's artistic sense and ability to find happiness in any form of nature. The reviewer strongly recommends this section for academic study.

4. Pravasvarnan (Travelogue): This section comprises seven articles.

   • Gopnath: The descriptions of Gopnath, the sea, stormy winds, and solitude evoke deep contemplation and self-reflection in the reader.
   • Vyomavihar (Sky Travel): While an act of self-experience, the author calls it a "unique color" because it represents the author's endeavor to wander in the divine realm through self-exploration. The author reflects on the unique powers inherent in the human body and explores realms of imagination and thought. The reviewer suggests that one needs a cultivated appreciation for art, science, literature, and philosophy to grasp the essence of this "unique color."
   • Mashruwala's 'Life of a Termite': The reviewer draws a parallel to Mashruwala's writing, suggesting that "Vyomavihar" reveals a new world of life and the divine. It is recommended for those seeking to experience something beyond ordinary life.
   • Nashik: This article provides a glimpse into the history of Brahmanical, Buddhist, and Jain traditions. The reviewer praises the evocative word-pictures of places like Godavari, Trimbak, and Pandav Caves, the blend of knowledge and devotion, and the objective analysis of ostentatious practices incongruous with simple, detached Jain idols. It offers a lesson to pilgrims on how to undertake journeys with wisdom and discernment. The "bunch of grapes" given by a man from Ekka is seen as a beacon of humanity. The author's statement about remaining ignorant while being made of the same earth as the Buddha is interpreted as deep introspection.
   • Girnar: The description of Girnar presents the visual spectacle of the place. The reviewer notes how the author, through sensory details and philosophical reflections, creates a "rainbow" effect. The diversity of material prosperity, flora and fauna, natural formations, religious traditions, and historical events are all presented against the backdrop of Girnar's unity. The reviewer emphasizes the "unity in the diversity of the divine life" as the most striking aspect and sees this article as a reflection of the author's cultivated and developed sensibilities.

5. Vyakti Parichay (Personal Introduction/Portraits): This section contains eight character sketches. All but two (Kakasaheb Kalelkar and Tuljaram Tekar) are about deceased individuals. The reviewer personally knew four of them: Veniram Marwadi, Sanmitra Karvijayji, Shri Kunvarjibhai, and Shri Vrajlal Meghani. The reviewer elaborates on their close interactions with Kunvarjibhai and Meghani, highlighting extensive discussions on various subjects, familial and social life, and shared spiritual and philosophical dialogues. The reviewer commends the author for presenting these portraits with objectivity, free from personal bias or excessive affection, capturing the essence of each individual.

   • Father and Son: The reviewer points out two significant aspects in the portrait of the author's father. Firstly, the differing, and sometimes opposing, thought processes and behaviors of father and son, juxtaposed with the father's magnanimity and the son's respectful affection, are presented as a model of familial harmony. Secondly, the son's development, reflecting inherited qualities from his father, is noted.
   • Meghani's First Portrait: This portrait, written years ago, is recalled to have brought tears to the reviewer's eyes, a testament to its success. It poignantly expresses the sorrow of parting with a cultured and affectionate friend. The reviewer expresses a desire for a more extensive portrait of Kakasaheb Kalelkar from the same capable pen.
   • Tuljaram Tekar: This individual's personality is described as unique, marked by precision and caution, but also exhibiting a tendency towards over-prudence. However, the reviewer notes that the author highlights these traits in a way that is both enjoyable and instructive.

Overall Impression:

The reviewer concludes by emphasizing that the collection, though presented in a relatively small format, offers a profound experience of grand emotions and insightful contemplation. The author's ability to articulate his observations and reflections in a way that resonates with the reader is highly praised. The collection is seen as a journey through various aspects of life, society, and philosophy, presented with clarity, depth, and artistic flair.