Samarangana Sutra Dhara Part 1

This comprehensive summary is based on the provided text, which appears to be the first volume of the Samarangana Sutradhara, edited by T. Ganapati Sastri and published by the Baroda Central Library in 1924. The text details the contents and significance of this architectural treatise.

Book Title: Samaranganana Sutra Dhara Part 1 Author: Bhojdev (King Bhoja of Dhar) Editor/Publisher: T. Ganapati Sastri / Baroda Central Library (Gaekwad's Oriental Series, Volume XXV) Year of Publication: 1924

Overview:

The Samarangana Sutradhara is a seminal work on architecture (Vastu Shastra) authored by Maharajadhiraja Sri Bhojadeva, a prominent ruler of Dhar in the 11th century AD, also known for his contributions to literature and grammar. This volume, Part 1, covers the initial 54 chapters of the extensive work, providing detailed guidance on the construction of various types of human dwellings, towns, palaces, and even machines.

Key Themes and Content:

The text is a comprehensive guide to architecture and urban planning, covering a vast array of topics crucial for creating harmonious and functional environments. Its literal meaning, "An architect of human dwellings," accurately reflects its scope. The work emphasizes the importance of auspicious planning and the avoidance of inauspicious elements in construction.

Chapter-wise Breakdown of Key Topics (as indicated by the table of contents provided):

• Introduction and Creation Cosmology:
  • Chapter 1 (Maha Samagama): Discusses the necessity of incorporating auspicious elements and avoiding inauspicious ones, the importance of cities for societal well-being, the rationale for commencing the treatise, and a foundational narrative involving Brahma and Prithu regarding the establishment of settlements.
  • Chapter 2 (Putra Samvada): Features a dialogue between Vishwakarma (the divine architect) and his sons, outlining their roles in constructing various edifices as per Brahma's directive.
  • Chapter 3 (Prashna): Presents a series of questions posed by Jay (a disciple of Vishwakarma) regarding cosmology, geography, societal organization, and architectural principles.
  • Chapter 4 (Mahadadi Sarg): Details the process of creation from the primal state to the formation of Mahat, Ahankara, the five great elements, and various beings, including celestial and demonic realms.
  • Chapter 5 (Bhuvanakosa): Provides a detailed geographical account of the universe, including continents, oceans, mountains, islands, and the measure of the earth and celestial bodies.
  • Chapter 6 (Sahadeva Adhikara): Discusses the ideal state of humanity in the Krita Yuga, the subsequent decline due to passions, the development of societal structures, and the need for shelter.
  • Chapter 7 (Varnashrama Vibhaga): Covers the division of society into Varnas and Ashramas, their respective duties, and the establishment of rules for living and construction.
  • Chapter 8 (Bhupariksha): Focuses on the examination and classification of land, detailing various types suitable for different types of settlements, forts, and cities.
  • Chapter 9 (Hastalaksana): Explains the measurement system, particularly the use of the Hastam (hand span) for architectural purposes, including the various units and their application in building design.
  • Chapter 10 (Pura Nivesha): Deals with the planning and layout of cities, including fortification, streets, water features, residential areas for different classes, and the placement of essential structures.
  • Chapter 11 (Vastu Traya Vibhaga): Discusses the placement of deities within various grid systems (e.g., 81-padas, 100-padas, 64-padas) used in architectural planning.
  • Chapter 12 (Nadyadi Siradi Vikalpa): Further elaborates on the grid systems and introduces concepts like 'siravayu' (channels of energy) within the Vastu structure, their measurement, and impact.
  • Chapter 13 (Maramvedha): Focuses on the 'marmas' (vital points) within architectural layouts and the consequences of disturbing them through structural elements like doors and walls.
  • Chapter 14 (Purushanga Devata Nighantu): Lists the deities associated with different parts of the Vastu Purusha, their respective locations within the architectural grid, and the corresponding colors and attributes.
  • Chapter 15 (Raja Nivesha): Details the architectural planning for royal residences, palaces, administrative buildings, and living quarters within a fortified city, including the placement of various departments and amenities.
  • Chapter 16 (Vana Pravesha): Provides guidelines for selecting suitable wood from forests for construction, including criteria for tree selection, seasoning, and the auspicious times and methods for harvesting.
  • Chapter 17 (Indra Dhvaja Nirupana): Describes the ritualistic erection of the Indra Dhvaja (flagpole), its specifications, the accompanying ceremonies, the auspicious timing, and the prognostications associated with its placement and events.
  • Chapter 18 (Nagaradi Samjna): Defines various terms related to settlements, buildings, and architectural components, providing a glossary of specialized vocabulary.
  • Chapter 19 (Chatushshala Vidhana): Explains the intricate designs and classifications of houses based on the number of halls (one-hall, two-hall, three-hall, four-hall, etc.), detailing their layouts, proportions, and auspiciousness.
  • Chapter 20 (Ninochadi Phaladhyaya): Discusses the effects of elevation and depression of different parts of a structure, especially in relation to entrances and rooms, and the impact on the occupants.
  • Chapter 21 (Dvasaptati Trishala Lakshana): Continues the detailed classification of three-hall structures, specifying numerous types based on their configurations and associated outcomes.
  • Chapter 22 (Dvishala Griha Lakshana): Focuses on the various types of two-hall structures, their configurations, and the influence on prosperity.
  • Chapter 23 (Ekashala Lakshana): Details the classifications and auspiciousness of one-hall structures, including variations based on the placement of verandas ('alindas') and the use of multiple pillars.
  • Chapter 24 (Dvara Pitta Bhitti Manadyadhyaya): Covers the measurements and specifications for doors, platforms ('pithas'), and walls, including decorative elements and their proportionate dimensions.
  • Chapter 25 (Samasta Grihanam Sankhyakathanadhyaya): Presents a systematic enumeration and classification of various types of houses based on the number of halls, likely indicating the vast combinatorial possibilities in architectural design.
  • Chapter 26 (Ayadi Nirnayo): Discusses the crucial principles of 'Ayadi' (income and expenditure) calculations, which are vital for the prosperity of a building, including methods for calculating Ayadi, Vayadi, and the significance of different planetary influences.
  • Chapter 27 (Sabhataka): Details the specifications and auspiciousness of assembly halls ('samas').
  • Chapter 28 (Griha Dravya Pramanadhyaya): Focuses on the measurements and specifications for various building materials and components, including doors, pillars, and roofing elements.
  • Chapter 29 (Shayana Asana Lakshana): Covers the construction and auspiciousness of beds and seating arrangements, including the types of wood to be used and their suitability.
  • Chapter 30 (Raja Griha): Details the specific architectural features and dimensions for royal palaces and residences, including different named types of palaces and their layouts.
  • Chapter 31 (Yantra Vidhana): This chapter is particularly noteworthy for describing various types of machines and mechanical devices, including those that can move like animals, fly, or perform complex actions. Examples include elephant machines, sky-traveling bird machines, door-keeping machines, and soldier machines, showcasing an advanced understanding of mechanics.
  • Chapter 32 (Gajashala): Focuses on the architectural design and specifications for elephant stables.
  • Chapter 33 (Ashvashala): Details the planning and construction of horse stables, including layout, materials, and auspicious practices.
  • Chapter 34 (Aprajoya Prayojya): Discusses what elements are auspicious and inauspicious to depict in architecture and decoration, covering deities, mythological scenes, and motifs.
  • Chapter 35 (Shilanvasa Vidhi): Outlines the rituals and procedures for the foundation stone laying ceremony, including auspicious times, materials, and prayers.
  • Chapter 36 (Balidana Vidhi): Describes various offerings and rituals performed during construction for appeasing deities and ensuring the well-being of the structure.
  • Chapter 37 (Kilakasutra Pata): Details the process of laying the foundational 'kilaka' (pegs or stakes) and 'sutras' (lines) for marking out the construction, including the selection of wood, auspicious timings, and related rituals.
  • Chapter 38 (Vastu Samsthana Matrika): Explains the systematic organization of Vastu sections based on the professions and social strata of the inhabitants, ensuring functional zoning.
  • Chapter 39 (Dvara Guna Dosha): Discusses the qualitative aspects of doors, their auspicious and inauspicious placement, and the consequences of their design and location.
  • Chapter 40 (Pitha Manam): Focuses on the measurements and designs of platforms ('pithas') used in various structures.
  • Chapter 41 (Chaya Vidhi): Deals with the principles of shade and its effect on buildings, including how to maximize beneficial shade and avoid detrimental effects.
  • Chapter 42 (Shanti Karma Vidhi): Outlines rituals and remedies for pacifying negative influences or rectifying defects in a building.
  • Chapter 43 (Dvara Bhanga Phala): Discusses the consequences of damage or deterioration to different parts of the building, particularly doors, and the associated omens.
  • Chapter 44 (Sthapati Lakshana): Describes the ideal qualities and knowledge required of an architect (Sthapati), emphasizing both theoretical understanding and practical skill.
  • Chapter 45 (Ashtanga Lakshana): Elaborates on the eight limbs or aspects of Vastu Shastra and the corresponding qualities of the architect, including the planning of sacrificial halls and military encampments.
  • Chapter 46 (Torana Bhangaadi Shantik): Discusses remedial measures and rituals for dealing with damage to gateways ('toranas') and the negative effects of birds like pigeons entering buildings.
  • Chapter 47 (Vedi Lakshana): Details the specifications and uses of various types of altars ('vedi') employed in rituals and architectural foundations.
  • Chapter 48 (Griha Dosha Nirupana): A comprehensive chapter on identifying and rectifying defects in houses, covering issues related to land, construction materials, orientation, and various design flaws.

Manuscript Basis:

The edition is based on three manuscripts from the Central Library, Baroda, and a Bhandar at Pattan, although these manuscripts are noted to be error-prone and difficult to read.

Significance:

The Samarangana Sutradhara is highly valued for its detailed descriptions and clarity, surpassing other available Silpa Shastra works. Its inclusion of descriptions of various machines is particularly significant, demonstrating a sophisticated understanding of technology and engineering in ancient India. The text is considered immensely beneficial for students and practitioners of Indian architecture and engineering.

Conclusion:

Part 1 of the Samarangana Sutradhara serves as a foundational text for understanding the principles of ancient Indian architecture, urban planning, and even mechanical engineering. It offers a meticulous and practical approach to creating structures that are not only aesthetically pleasing but also spiritually and functionally sound, reflecting a holistic worldview where art, science, and spirituality are intertwined.