Saman Suttam

This is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Samanasuttam" based on the provided pages.

Book Title: Samanasuttam (श्रमणसूत्रम्) Author(s): Kailashchandra Shastri, Nathmal Muni Publisher: Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan, Rajghat, Varanasi

Overall Purpose and Significance:

The "Samanasuttam" is presented as a seminal, universally accepted compilation of the essence of Jain teachings. It aims to provide a concise and accessible overview of Jain philosophy, ethics, and spiritual path for the general public. The text is a result of significant collaborative effort across various Jain sects, brought together by the inspiration of saints and scholars to commemorate the 2500th Nirvana Mahotsava of Lord Mahavir. The book emphasizes the core principles of Jainism, such as Ahimsa (non-violence), Anekantavada (non-absolutism), and the pursuit of liberation through the triple jewels: Samyak Darshan (right faith), Samyak Gyan (right knowledge), and Samyak Charitra (right conduct).

Key Themes and Structure:

The book is structured into several sections, each delving into different aspects of Jainism:

1. Inspiration and Genesis: The publication of "Samanasuttam" was inspired by the teachings of Lord Mahavir and the efforts of saints like Vinoba Bhave. A significant historical event was the synod held in Delhi to achieve consensus on its compilation. This synod involved prominent Jain monks and scholars from all major sects, marking a rare unity after two millennia. The text acknowledges the contributions of many individuals and institutions, including the Sarva Seva Sangh, prominent Jain families, scholars, and saints.

2. Philosophical Foundations: The text touches upon the idea that all religions, despite their diversity, stem from a common pursuit of truth and well-being. It briefly outlines the progression of Indian philosophical thought, from materialistic philosophies like Charvaka to more sophisticated metaphysical systems like Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Vedanta, Buddhism, and Jainism. All these, in their own ways, attempt to understand the ultimate reality and the path to happiness.

3. Core Jain Principles:

   • Anekantavada/Syadvada: This is highlighted as a guiding principle of Jainism that fosters tolerance and reconciliation of seemingly opposing viewpoints. It allows for a multifaceted understanding of reality.
   • Ahimsa (Non-violence): Jain ethics is rooted in Ahimsa, which is understood not just as physical non-violence but also as a state of mind based on Anekanta-drushti. Violence is determined by the intention, not merely the action.
   • Self-reliance and Self-control: Jainism emphasizes individual responsibility for one's liberation. The pursuit of Vitaraagta (detachment) and the mastery of senses and passions are crucial.
   • The Triple Jewels (Ratnatraya): Samyak Darshan (right faith), Samyak Gyan (right knowledge), and Samyak Charitra (right conduct) are presented as the essential path to liberation (Moksha).
   • Karma: The text discusses the nature of karma, how it binds the soul, and the eight types of karmic coverings. It also explains how mindful conduct and spiritual practices lead to the shedding of karma.
   • The Cycle of Birth and Death (Samsara): The text describes the pervasive suffering in Samsara and the role of desire and attachment in perpetuating this cycle.
   • The Soul (Jiva): The soul is described as the ultimate reality, inherently pure, omniscient, and omnipotent, but obscured by karma. The path of Jainism is about realizing this inherent nature.
   • Tattvas (Realities): The text introduces the fundamental principles or categories of existence, including the soul (Jiva), non-soul (Ajiva), bondage (Bandha), influx of karma (Asrava), cessation of karma (Samvara), shedding of karma (Nirjara), and liberation (Moksha). The nine categories are elaborated upon.
   • Nayas (Standpoints): The importance of understanding reality from multiple perspectives (Nayas) is emphasized, distinguishing between the ultimate truth (Nishchaya Naya) and the conventional truth (Vyavahara Naya).
   • Syadvada: The doctrine of "perhaps" or "it is so from a certain perspective," which allows for multiple viewpoints on a single reality, is central to Jain logic and is presented as a means to avoid dogmatism.
   • The Twenty-four Tirthankaras: The text mentions the lineage of Tirthankaras, starting from Rishabhadeva and culminating in Lord Mahavir, highlighting their role in re-establishing and propagating the Jain Dharma.
   • Codes of Conduct: The text differentiates between the conduct of monks (Shramana), characterized by complete renunciation, and that of lay followers (Shravaka), who follow strict ethical guidelines while living in the world.
   • Samitis and Guptis: The five Samitis (careful activities in walking, speaking, eating, handling objects, and disposing of waste) and three Guptis (control over mind, speech, and body) are presented as essential practices for monks.
   • Tapas (Austerities): Both external and internal austerities are discussed as vital for purifying the soul and shedding karma.
   • Lashyas (Aura/Disposition): The six states of mental disposition, ranging from dark and violent to pure and luminous, are described, emphasizing the importance of cultivating pure Lashyas.
   • Anupekshas (Meditative Reflections): The text highlights the importance of contemplating the true nature of reality, impermanence, suffering, the self, and the path to liberation.
   • Dhyana (Meditation): Meditation is presented as a crucial practice for self-realization and the destruction of karma.

Key Sections (Khands) and Chapters (Prakarans):

The book is divided into four main sections:

1. Jyotirmukh (Light-faced): This section likely introduces the basic principles, glorifies the Tirthankaras and the Jain lineage, and sets the stage for spiritual understanding. It includes verses on Mangalacharan (auspicious invocations) and the glory of the Panch Parmeshthis (the five supreme beings).
2. Moksha Marg (Path to Liberation): This substantial section details the steps and practices leading to liberation, covering the Ratnatraya (Triple Jewels), the importance of Samyak Darshan and its eight limbs, the nuances of Samyak Gyan (various types of knowledge), Samyak Charitra (conduct for monks and nuns), and the practice of Tapas (austerities).
3. Tattva Darshan (Principles of Reality): This section systematically explains the Jain understanding of reality, including the six Dravyas (substances: Jiva, Ajiva, Dharma, Adharma, Akasha, Kala), the nature of karma, the process of Asrava (influx) and Samvara (stopping influx), and the ultimate goal of Moksha (liberation).
4. Syadvada: This section focuses on the epistemological and logical framework of Jainism, particularly Syadvada (the doctrine of conditioned predication) and Anekantavada (the doctrine of manifold aspects), explaining how to arrive at a balanced and comprehensive understanding of reality through multiple viewpoints and the concept of the seven Bhangas (standpoints).

Contribution and Authenticity:

The "Samanasuttam" is presented as a definitive and universally accepted compilation, representing a significant achievement in Jain scholarship and inter-sectarian harmony. The text is stated to be based on ancient Prakrit gathas (verses) which are considered self-validating, like Agamas. The language used is Prakrit with Sanskrit translations and commentaries, making it accessible to a wider audience.

In essence, "Samanasuttam" is a comprehensive guide to the spiritual journey in Jainism, outlining the philosophical underpinnings, ethical guidelines, and the practical path towards liberation, all grounded in the profound principles of Ahimsa and Anekantavada.