Sadhu Sanstha Ane Tirth Sanstha - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Sadhu Sanstha ane Tirth Sanstha" by Sukhlal Sanghavi and Bechardas Doshi, based on the provided PDF pages:

The book discusses the interconnectedness and historical context of Jain monastic institutions (Sadhu Sanstha) and pilgrimage sites (Tirth Sanstha).

On Tirth Sanstha (Pilgrimage Sites):

Origin and Location: Tirths are often established in places of natural beauty, spiritual significance, or where significant wealth has been invested in architecture, sculptures, or other special features. They are frequently found near bodies of water (rivers, lakes) and, notably, on hills and mountains. This preference for mountainous locations is common to both Shvetambar and Digambar traditions, indicating the inclination of revered saints and the desire of devotees for serene and beautiful surroundings.
Current State and Reliance on Idolatry: The modern significance and grandeur of Tirths are heavily dependent on idol worship. While some Tirths may have historically been centers of learning, today, with few exceptions like Kashi, they have little to offer in terms of scholarly discourse or philosophical debate. There is a lack of Jain educational institutions or renowned scholars attracting visitors for intellectual engagement.
The Role of Sculpture and Architecture: The development of Tirths is intrinsically linked to the proliferation of idol worship, which in turn fostered advancements in sculpture and architecture, giving the country its distinctive architectural heritage.
Vastness and Organization: Jain Tirths are numerous, spread across India, indicating the historical reach of the Jain community. These Tirths are managed by organized institutions, though now divided between Shvetambar and Digambar sects. The immense financial resources, property, and workforce dedicated to these institutions are significant, with an estimated five thousand permanent individuals and an annual expenditure of at least fifty lakhs, along with substantial movable and immovable assets.
"Devdravya" (Temple Funds): Jain Tirths possess substantial "Devdravya" (funds designated for deities), estimated at one crore for the Shvetambar sect alone. The text highlights the exceptional ingenuity and honesty with which this wealth is accumulated and managed, noting its purity compared to other religious traditions. A strong ethical and social framework discourages personal use of these funds, with severe social repercussions for any misappropriation.
Internal Conflicts: A major issue plaguing Tirths is the constant conflict between the Shvetambar and Digambar sects. These disputes often escalate into fights over financial and political control, with victories determined by the skill of those involved rather than truth. This leads to a wasteful expenditure of intellect, wealth, and time.
Modern Threats: While external threats from historical invaders have diminished, Tirths face a more insidious danger from internal strife, exacerbated by the current political climate that, under the guise of religious freedom, fosters division. This internal conflict leads to the destruction of Tirths' purpose and essence, more so than any external attack.
Lost Potential and a Call to Action: Tirths, while supported by devotion and generosity, have failed to evolve into centers of learning or skill development, unlike ancient centers like Nalanda. The text urges the community to utilize the natural beauty and accessibility of Tirths to establish educational institutions. True spiritual progress lies not in the preservation of physical structures but in the cultivation of the soul, which is threatened by the internal conflicts. The true soul of Jain Tirths, non-violence and peace, is being destroyed by these disputes.

On Sadhu Sanstha (Monastic Institutions):

Origins and Structure: The Jain monastic order is rooted in the teachings of Lord Mahavir, but its origins are older, tracing back to the disciples of Parshvanath. The text describes the early establishment of a structured monastic community with rules for conduct, interaction, and discipline, managed by a hierarchical system of leaders. The wisdom and foresight of the ancient Acharyas in establishing this structure are praised, noting its potential as a model for modern organizations.
Growth and Divisions: The monastic order spread throughout India. While the exact numbers before and after Lord Mahavir's nirvana are unknown, the institution remained strong for centuries. Notably, women were accommodated in the monastic order, a practice that influenced even the Buddhist order. Over time, the Sadhu Sanstha fractured into numerous sub-sects, influenced by societal expansion, the incorporation of new groups, and varying interpretations.
Cycles of Decline and Reform: Throughout history, the monastic order has seen periods of both exceptional renunciates and a segment prone to laxity and corruption. Historical texts describe various problematic groups, indicating a recurring cycle of decline, followed by reform by luminous souls. This cyclical pattern of decay and renewal is a persistent feature of the institution.
The True Goal: Life Purification: The primary objective of Jain monks is "Jivan Shuddhi" – the purification of life by shedding attachments, desires, distractions, and limitations. This requires introspection, self-discipline, and clarity of purpose. Asceticism, solitude, and detachment from societal affairs were meant to facilitate this inner quest.
The Peril of Premature Leadership: Similar to how individuals become parents before fully maturing, many have entered monastic leadership without sufficient self-reflection or stability, leading to a decline in the institution's true purpose. The conveniences and regulations originally designed for spiritual practice have become ends in themselves, often accompanied by grandeur unfitting for ascetics.
The Impact of Societal Integration: As monks integrated more into lay society, they adopted some of its characteristics, both positive and negative. While they influenced the laity with virtues like non-violence and temperance, they also faced the challenges of worldly contact.
The Legacy of Moral Influence: The text highlights the significant contribution of the Jain monastic order to fostering an environment of non-violence and abstinence from the seven deadly sins (Sapt Vyasan), particularly alcohol and meat. This moral foundation is credited for influencing the broader societal ethos, including that of Mahatma Gandhi's non-violent movement.
The Current Challenge: The Liquor Prohibition Movement: The current era presents a critical opportunity. The text strongly advocates for the Jain monastic order to actively participate in the liquor prohibition movement, leveraging their historical expertise and inherent values. This is seen as a crucial social and spiritual duty.
Spiritual Power in Action: True spirituality is not confined to isolation but can be cultivated through engagement with the world, including family, society, and even state affairs, provided it is done with the right intention and understanding. Engaging in social reform, such as dissuading people from drinking, is a form of spiritual endeavor.
A Call for Re-engagement and Revival: The monastic institution must shed its passive stance and engage proactively in contemporary social issues, particularly alcohol prohibition. The text criticizes the current inertia, factionalism, and obsession with minor rituals within the monastic orders, suggesting that their spiritual potency is diminishing. To survive and retain respect, they must adapt their approach and contribute to societal well-being, aligning their actions with their historical legacy of renunciation and moral upliftment.
Broader Social Contributions: Beyond prohibition, monks can contribute to society by acting as mediators against injustice, educating public servants on ethical conduct, and supporting universal education.
Brotherhood Across Sects: The author emphasizes that the message is for all renunciates, regardless of sect, though the immediate context might seem Shvetambar-centric. The spiritual leaders of both Shvetambar and Digambar traditions (including Bhattarakas, Pandits, etc.) are urged to abandon internal disputes and superficial adherence to outward symbols. Those who fail to do so are seen as not true inheritors of Lord Mahavir's teachings but rather as those who consume the benefits meant for the Dharma.
The Responsibility of Renunciates: The text concludes by addressing the vast ascetic population, urging them to become volunteers for societal causes. Their inherent qualities of patience, renunciation, and freedom from worldly concerns make them ideal candidates. They must leave their comfortable abodes and engage in the service of the people, embracing a broader, more active form of spirituality that aligns with the spirit of the times. Failure to do so will lead to their demise.

In essence, the book is a critical examination of Jain institutions, highlighting their historical strengths and present-day challenges. It calls for a reawakening of their core principles, particularly the pursuit of spiritual purity and active engagement in social reform, moving beyond internal conflicts and superficial practices.