Rushibhashit Sutra

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Title: Rishibhashit Sutra (Isibhasiyaim Suttaim)

Authors/Editors: Vinaysagar (Hindi Translator), Kalanath Shastri & Dineshchandra Sharma (English Translators), Prof. Sagarmal Jain (Editor & Introduction)

Publisher: Prakrit Bharti Academy, Jaipur

Introduction and Significance:

The Rishibhashit Sutra is considered an ancient and highly revered text within the vast Jain canonical literature. It is classified as a Prakirnaka (anthology) in Jain Agam literature. This work is invaluable not only to the Jain tradition but also to the broader Indian, Vedic, and Buddhist traditions. It is a compilation of the teachings, philosophical insights, and spiritual experiences of 45 ancient sages (Rishis), Tirthankaras, Shramans, and Parivrajakas from the period spanning the 10th to 6th century B.C.

A significant feature of Rishibhashit is its inclusivity. It draws wisdom from various Indian traditions, featuring not only Jain figures like Parshvanath and Mahavir but also Vedic Rishis like Angira and Yagyavalkya, Puranic figures like Narad and Uddalak, Brahmin ascetics like Ping and Rishigiri, and even Buddhist monks like Satiputra (Buddha). This highlights the spirit of intellectual tolerance and assimilation in ancient Indian thought, where scholars respected and compiled ideas from different philosophical schools.

The text is highly praised for its authenticity and its consistent message of equanimity (samabhava) and assimilation (samarasa), avoiding inter-traditional bias or antagonism. It is notable that the Jain tradition preserved this invaluable work and gave it a significant place in its canon, even prescribing study rituals similar to other canonical texts.

Historical Context and Dating:

Linguists and scholars suggest that Rishibhashit is very ancient, possibly predating other key Jain canonical texts like Acharanga, Sutrakritanga, Uttaradhyayana, and Dashvaikalika, primarily based on its language. The language is primarily Ardhamagadhi, with influences from Magadhi, Shauraseni, Paishachi, and Maharashtri Prakrit.

The dating of Rishibhashit is estimated to be around the 3rd or 5th century B.C., or potentially even earlier, with its current form not dating later than the 3rd or 4th century B.C. Historical evidence suggests it was initially part of the Prashnavyakarana-dasha, and Samvayang mentions 44 of its chapters (while the current text has 45). The inclusion of figures like Mankhali Goshal, who are presented with less sectarian bias than in later Jain or Buddhist texts, points to its early origin, before the full development of sectarian attitudes.

Key Themes and Content:

Rishibhashit presents profound spiritual and ethical teachings through the voices of these diverse sages. Some of the key themes and concepts discussed include:

• Nature of the World and Existence: The text explores the dualistic nature of the world (soul and non-soul), the cyclical nature of existence (samsara), and the concept of gati (destiny/movement) for both animate and inanimate entities. It discusses the eternal and transient aspects of existence.
• Karma Theory: A central theme is the detailed explanation of karma, its inflow (āsrava), bondage (bandha), accumulation, and eventual annihilation (nirjarā). The text emphasizes that actions have consequences and that one's deeds determine one's destiny. It highlights the importance of controlling desires (kāma), passions (kaṣāya), and attachments to break the cycle of rebirth.
• Path to Liberation: Rishibhashit outlines the path to liberation (moksha) through the practice of right knowledge (samyak jnāna), right perception (samyak darshan), and right conduct (samyak charitra). It emphasizes virtues like non-violence (ahimsā), truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya), celibacy (brahmacarya), and non-possession (aparigraha).
• Self-Discipline and Control: A significant focus is placed on controlling the senses (indriyas) and the mind (manas). Various analogies, such as a tortoise retracting its limbs or a camel carrying its load, are used to illustrate the importance of self-restraint.
• Ethical Conduct: The text provides guidance on ethical living, emphasizing the importance of virtuous company, avoiding negative influences, speaking truthfully, practicing charity, and maintaining inner purity.
• Critique of Materialism and Ritualism: Some chapters, particularly the chapter on Utkal, critique materialistic philosophies and the misuse of rituals or external practices without inner transformation.
• Inclusivity and Tolerance: The work champions a spirit of universalism, stating that liberation can be attained regardless of one's background or tradition, as long as the core principles of virtue and spiritual discipline are followed.
• The Nature of Desires: The text delves into the pervasive nature of desires (kāma, tṛṣṇā) as the root cause of suffering and rebirth, advocating for their eradication as the key to liberation.

Structure and Content of Chapters:

The Rishibhashit Sutra contains 45 chapters (adhyayan), each attributed to a specific sage. The chapters cover a wide range of philosophical and ethical topics. The summary mentions detailed analysis of individual chapters, exploring the historical context of the sages, their philosophical contributions, and their dialogue with other traditions. For example:

• Chapter 1 (Narad): Focuses on the importance of listening to true doctrine and the concept of purity.
• Chapter 2 (Vajjiputta): Discusses the nature of karma and its binding effect, emphasizing the cycle of birth and death as stemming from ignorance and attachment.
• Chapter 3 (Asit Deval): Highlights the pervasiveness of desire and attachment as the root of suffering and the importance of detachment for liberation.
• Chapter 4 (Angiras): Explores the duality of inner and outer nature, the difficulty of understanding the human heart, and the importance of self-reflection for curbing negative actions.
• Chapter 20 (Utkal): Critiques materialistic philosophies by presenting five schools of thought, emphasizing the denial of an eternal soul and rebirth.
• Chapter 29 (Vardhaman): Identifies Vardhaman with Bhagwan Mahavir, focusing on the control of senses and mind.
• Chapter 31 (Parshwa): Discusses the Chaturyama (four vows) and the nature of the world and karma.
• Chapter 38 (Satiputta Buddha): Presents the Buddhist concept of the Middle Path and emphasizes purity of mind.
• Chapter 45 (Vaishraman): Concludes with verses on the ephemeral nature of life and the importance of righteous conduct for spiritual elevation and attaining the ultimate goal.

Language and Style:

The text is written in Ardhamagadhi Prakrit, characterized by its antiquity and its preservation of ancient linguistic forms. The prose passages often elaborate on the verses, providing context and philosophical explanations. The inclusion of Sanskritized terms and variations in readings suggests the influence of later scribes and evolving linguistic trends.

Significance of Appendices (Sangrahani):

The appendices (Sangrahani) are crucial for understanding the structure and historical context of Rishibhashit.

• First Appendix (Nama Adhikar): Lists the 45 sages and categorizes them based on their supposed temporal proximity to Teerthankaras like Arishtanemi, Parshvanath, and Mahavir. It also provides biographical details and connections to various traditions.
• Second Appendix (Artha Adhikar): Enlists the titles of the 45 chapters, often derived from the initial words or key concepts within each chapter.

Overall Impact and Value:

Rishibhashit is considered a gem of Indian intellectual heritage. Its study offers insights into the shared spiritual heritage of India, revealing the interconnectedness of various religious and philosophical traditions. It promotes a message of tolerance, universalism, and the pursuit of inner peace and liberation, serving as a timeless guide for spiritual seekers. The book's publication and translation are seen as a significant contribution to making this ancient wisdom accessible to a wider audience.