Rushabh Aur Mahavira - Book Summary

This is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Rushabh aur Mahavira" by Acharya Mahapragna, published by Jain Vishva Bharati. The book explores the lives and teachings of the first and the last Tirthankaras of Jainism, Lord Rishabhdev and Lord Mahavir, highlighting their significant contributions to Jain philosophy and society.

The summary covers the following key aspects discussed in the book:

I. The Cosmic and Societal Framework:

The Nature of the Universe: The book begins by addressing fundamental Jain philosophical questions about the universe: its creation, constituents, origin, and the nature of its core elements. Jainism posits that the universe is not created by any external entity but is eternal, composed of two fundamental substances: Jiva (soul) and Ajiva (non-soul). These substances interact and undergo transformations (Paryaya), but their fundamental essence remains unchanged. The concept of Uttpad (origination), Vyay (destruction), and Dhrauvya (permanence) explains this cosmic dynamism.
The Role of Kulakars and the Evolution of Society: The text delves into the concept of Kalachakra (Time Cycle), divided into Avsarpini (descending) and Utsarpini (ascending) periods. During the Avsarpini period, societal order deteriorates, leading to the emergence of Kulakars (clan leaders). The book traces the evolution of societal structure from a primitive, wild existence where individuals lived in harmony with nature, to the establishment of leadership, property ownership, and the genesis of social order. The initial stages of society were characterized by a lack of complex governance and a simple, natural way of life.

II. Lord Rishabhdev: The Pioneer of Civilization and Dharma:

The Advent of Rishabh: Lord Rishabhdev's arrival marked a new era. He was born with special wisdom and a unique consciousness, setting him apart from his contemporaries. The book emphasizes that individuals like Rishabh are not born perfect but achieve their spiritual stature through profound past life practices and a commitment to constructive development rather than destruction.
Establishing Societal Order: Rishabhdev is credited with laying the foundation for human civilization. He introduced the concept of Rajtantra (monarchy) to establish order and prevent chaos. He introduced the concept of rules and regulations, with his son Bharat becoming the first king. This marked a shift from a self-governing, "yoglic" era to a more structured society.
Introducing Arts and Sciences: Lord Rishabhdev is depicted as a reformer who introduced various arts and skills to human society, including:
- Agriculture: Teaching people to cultivate crops to meet their sustenance needs.
- Craftsmanship: The development of pottery, weaving, metalwork, and other skills essential for human living.
- Literacy and Mathematics: His daughter Brahmī is associated with the development of the Brahmi script, and his other daughter Sundari with mathematics.
- Governance and Law: Establishing a system of justice and penal codes (Hakar Niti, Makar Niti, Dhikkar Niti) to maintain social order.
The Concept of Dharma and Duty: Rishabhdev emphasized the importance of duty and dharma. He balanced material development (Pravritti) with spiritual detachment (Nivritti). The book highlights the Jain principle that actions (karma) have consequences and that one must understand the distinction between worldly duties and spiritual practices. The introduction of trade and commerce was also a significant contribution, facilitating the exchange of goods and services.
The Rishabh Rajya: A Golden Age: Rishabhdev's reign is portrayed as a utopian period, a "Rishabh Rajya," where there was no poverty, no begging, and societal well-being was paramount. It is compared to "Ram Rajya," emphasizing a just and prosperous rule.

III. Lord Mahavir: The Propagator of Nirvana and Asceticism:

The Concept of Nirvana: The book explains Mahavir's significance as a proponent of Nirvanvad. Nirvana, in Jainism, is not annihilation but the attainment of Paramatma (Supreme Soul), a state of independent existence with infinite knowledge, perception, power, and bliss. It is about realizing one's true, liberated self, contrasting with the Vedantic idea of merging into Brahman or the Buddhist concept of "extinguishing" as a flame. Mahavir's concept of Nirvana emphasizes the soul's eternal and autonomous existence.
The Path of Renunciation: Lord Mahavir, from the beginning, embodied Sanyam (restraint) and Nivritti (detachment). His life was a testament to the principles of Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truth), Asteya (non-stealing), Brahmacharya (celibacy), and Aparigraha (non-possession).
Vardhaman's Ascetic Journey: The text details Mahavir's rigorous ascetic practices, highlighting his incredible willpower and detachment. He underwent severe hardships, faced numerous Parishahs (trials), and practiced Nidra Samyam (control over sleep), significantly reducing his need for sleep. His ability to remain unperturbed amidst extreme conditions is attributed to his profound spiritual realization and unwavering focus on the soul.
The Significance of Awareness (Jagrukcharya): Mahavir's life exemplified Jagrukcharya (conscious living). He understood the interconnectedness of all living beings and the material world, advocating for awareness of one's actions and their consequences. His teachings on environmental consciousness and the need for restraint in using resources are presented as highly relevant even today.
Conquering the Senses and Mind: The book elaborates on Mahavir's discipline over his mind and senses, particularly his mastery over sleep. This was achieved through deep meditation and an unwavering focus on the soul, making him a rare example of spiritual awakening.
The Art of Dying (Samadhimaran): Mahavir's philosophy also encompasses the understanding of death. He presented Samadhimaran (conscious death) as a state of peaceful and controlled departure, an essential part of a life lived with awareness and purpose. It's a celebration rather than a fearful event, achieved through gradual spiritual preparation.
The Power of Resolve (Sankalp): The text emphasizes the immense strength of Mahavir's Sankalp (resolve). His unwavering commitment to his vows and principles, even in the face of extreme adversity, is presented as a source of inspiration. His strong will allowed him to overcome physical and mental challenges.
The Importance of Presksha (Mindful Observation): Mahavir's meditative practices, particularly Presksha (mindful observation), are discussed. This involves developing inner awareness and self-control, allowing one to observe thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations without judgment.

IV. Key Jain Concepts Illustrated through Their Lives:

The Interplay of Pravritti and Nivritti: The book demonstrates how Rishabhdev balanced societal engagement and progress (Pravritti) with spiritual detachment (Nivritti), while Mahavir epitomized the path of Nivritti.
The Power of Renunciation and Detachment: Both Tirthankaras, in their unique ways, exemplify the power of renunciation and detachment for spiritual advancement.
The Importance of Character and Inner Strength: The lives of Rishabhdev and Mahavir underscore the significance of inner strength, ethical conduct, and spiritual realization over external achievements.
The Principle of Anekanthavada: While not explicitly detailed in this section, the differing approaches of Rishabhdev (society builder) and Mahavir (ascetic renunciate) can be seen as reflections of the Jain principle of Anekanthavada (multi-faceted reality), where truth can be viewed from multiple perspectives.

V. Narrative Elements and Exemplary Stories:

Bharat and Bahubali: The book includes the compelling story of Rishabhdev's sons, Bharat and Bahubali, and their conflict over kingdom. This narrative illustrates the destructive power of ego and attachment, and how spiritual wisdom (from their father) ultimately leads to resolution through renunciation. Bahubali's ultimate detachment and spiritual awakening after his brother's attempt to force submission is a highlight.
The Encounter with Chandakaushik: The text recounts Mahavir's encounter with the venomous snake Chandakaushik, showcasing Mahavir's ability to remain tranquil and compassionate even in the face of danger, ultimately transforming the snake's nature through his spiritual aura and influence.

Conclusion:

"Rushabh aur Mahavira" by Acharya Mahapragna serves as an insightful exploration of Jainism's foundational figures. It highlights Lord Rishabhdev's role in establishing civilization and social order, and Lord Mahavir's profound teachings on Nirvana, asceticism, and the path to liberation. The book aims to help readers understand their historical context and draw inspiration from their lives and philosophies for contemporary living.