Research In Yoga By The Methods Of Modern Natural Sciences

This document, "Research in Yoga by the Methods of Modern Natural Sciences" by P. V. Karambelkar, is a comprehensive overview of the scientific investigation into Yoga practices. It begins by highlighting the global popularity of Yoga in contemporary times, attributing it to its potential as a panacea for modern life's stresses. The author acknowledges the pioneering efforts of figures like Swami Vivekananda and Swami Ram Tirtha in introducing Yoga to the West, noting the initial perception of Yoga as a fringe spiritual movement.

The core of the document emphasizes the crucial role of Kaivalyadhama, founded by Swami Kuvalayananda, in bridging ancient Yogic traditions with modern natural sciences. Since 1920, Kaivalyadhama has been dedicated to systematically researching Yoga using scientific methodologies and instruments. This research is divided into two main areas:

1. Philosophico-Literary Research: Studying and understanding ancient Yogic texts.
2. Scientific Research: Investigating the physiological and psychological effects of various Yogic practices (Asanas, Pranayama, Kriyas, meditation) through controlled experiments.

The author details how modern scientific fields like Biochemistry, Biophysics, Physiology, Radiology, and Psychology are employed to objectively evaluate the changes induced by Yoga. Early research by Swami Kuvalayananda on practices like Uddiyana Bandha, Nauli Kriya, and Basti Kriya, using manometric techniques and X-ray radiography, demonstrably explained the mechanisms behind these practices, debunking claims of miraculous powers. These findings were initially published in Yoga Mimamsa, a journal started by Swami Kuvalayananda.

The document then discusses the growing acceptance and interest in Yoga research among scientists worldwide, recognizing its potential to benefit humanity irrespective of background. It addresses the need for objective evidence in today's rational world, a gap Swami Kuvalayananda aimed to fill by integrating Yoga with modern science. While acknowledging some opposition to scientific research within the Yogic community, the author argues that such research clarifies principles, removes mystification, and fosters genuine conviction in Yoga's value.

The paper then provides a detailed review of specific research outcomes:

• Physiological Effects:

  • Studies on Uddiyana, Nauli, Dhauli, and Basti revealed insights into internal organ movements and pressure changes.
  • Blood pressure studies during inverted postures like Sirsasana and Sarvangasana showed moderate increases, with experienced practitioners exhibiting minimal changes.
  • Research on Pranayama indicated that prolonged practice and retention (Kumbhaka) might not offer greater gaseous exchange benefits than shorter durations, but contributed to tranquilization.
  • Studies on Kapalbhati demonstrated increased red and white blood cells, enhanced oxygen absorption, and carbon dioxide elimination, validating its classification as a purificatory process.
  • Pressure changes in internal cavities during Asanas and Kriyas were shown to positively impact circulation, glandular secretions, and organ function.
  • Yogasanas were found to decrease uropepsin (associated with stress reduction), while Dhautis increased it, suggesting a potential role in managing allergic conditions. Dhautis also showed efficacy in regulating gastric acid secretion.
  • Plavini Pranayama (swallowing air) was found to inhibit gastric acid secretion, offering relief for hyper-acidity.
  • Yogic training showed a reduction in blood fibrinolytic activity, differentiating it from strenuous physical exercise.
  • Khechari Mudra practice led to a significant reduction in basal metabolic rate (BMR).
  • Laya Yoga practitioners entering deep meditative states exhibited reduced oxygen requirements and altered EEG patterns.
  • Studies on nostril breathing (Swarayoga) revealed that while external stimuli can influence it, prolonged practice allows for volitional control. Electronasography was introduced to study electrical changes in the nostrils.
  • Electromyographic investigations confirmed that difficult Asanas can be performed with relaxation, unlocking Yoga's psychological and spiritual benefits.
  • X-ray fluoroscopy showed that turning the head during certain practices enhances lung ventilation on the corresponding side.

• Physical Fitness and Psychological Effects:

  • Research by Gharote and associates indicated significant improvements in cardiovascular efficiency, flexibility, physical fitness index scores, abdominal muscle tone, vital capacity, and breath-holding time.
  • Psychological studies by Pratap and associates revealed improved hand steadiness, autonomic balance, reduced free associations, increased emotional stability, better body control and balancing, reduced neurotic tendencies, improved emotional equilibrium, enhanced immediate memory, and delayed onset of mental fatigue.

• Studies on Specific Yoga Schools and Techniques:

  • Research by Udupa, Singh, and colleagues at BHU on Yoga Sadhakas noted reduced body weight, improved respiratory functions, increased resistance to stress, modulated adreno-cortical activity, reduced serum cholesterol and blood sugar, restored serum protein levels, lowered neurohumoral activity, and positive psychological changes.
  • Studies by Bhatnagar, Gopal, and colleagues at JIPMER focused on the anatomical effects of Hatha Yoga Bandhas, highlighting their role in preventing undue pressure on the heart, aiding venous drainage, strengthening muscles, and preventing hernia/pile issues. Polygraphic studies showed low muscle electrical activity, heart rate, and respiratory rate in trained practitioners.
  • Research on Transcendental Meditation (TM), an adaptation of Mantras and Laya Yoga, highlighted its profound effects: decreased metabolic and respiratory rates, reduced blood lactate, increased galvanic skin resistance, restful alertness (alpha wave synchrony), faster reaction time, improved perceptual-motor skills, intelligence, learning, academic and job performance, and better psychological health.
  • Studies by Anand, Baldevsingh, Chhina, Wenger, Bagchi, and Brosse using EEG and polygraphy on Yoga practitioners yielded findings similar to earlier EEG studies. Their research on claimed heart and pulse stoppage by yogis yielded mixed results, with some finding evidence of heart rate slackening, while others found no significant evidence.
  • Studies on the burial feat of yogis by Govindsvamy, Anand, and Karambelkar concluded that the observed reduction in oxygen consumption was a natural response to accumulated CO2 stress rather than voluntary control by the yogis.

• Therapeutic Applications:

  • The document underscores the significant therapeutic benefits of Asanas, Pranayamas, Mudras, Bandhas, and Kriyas, particularly for psychosomatic disorders. Mudras, Bandhas, and purificatory practices are noted as unique contributions to medical treatment.
  • While psychological and spiritual techniques like meditation need more research, existing studies on TM show their potential for psychological well-being.
  • Remarkable improvements in asthma and significant benefits in managing cardiac conditions and high blood pressure through Yoga are reported, with Savasana being particularly highlighted.
  • Good improvements in diabetics have been claimed, though further confirmation is needed.
  • Claims for digestive and metabolic disorders require more substantial data.

The author concludes by stating that while significant research has been conducted, the vastness of Yogic practices means much more remains to be explored. The growing interest in Yoga globally, fueled by scientific validation, promises further advancements, ultimately contributing to the betterment and happiness of humanity. The document also mentions new technologies like Kirlian Photography and Electronography as potential tools for future Yoga research.