Ratnakaranda Shravakachar - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary in English of the provided Jain text, "Ratnakaranda Shravakachar," based on the provided pages:

Overview of Ratnakaranda Shravakachar

The book "Ratnakaranda Shravakachar" (also known as "Upasakadhyayan") is a foundational Jain text written by the revered Acharya Samantabhadra. It is presented as a small but profound work, consisting of approximately 150 verses, that serves as a guide for individuals aspiring to become ideal householder devotees (Shravakas). The text is described as a true reflection of the pure and immaculate life of an ideal Shravaka.

Significance and Purpose

The text is considered essential for those who wish to follow the path of a Shravaka, which is rooted in the "Ratnatraya" (Three Jewels) of Right Faith, Right Knowledge, and Right Conduct. It is an integral part of the Charananuyoga (the section of Jain scriptures dealing with conduct and ethics). Acharya Samantabhadra's aim was to illuminate the path of ethical purity for householders, elevate their inner disposition, and ultimately guide them towards the monastic path. The title itself, "Ratnakaranda," meaning "Jewel Box," signifies that the text encapsulates the precious Three Jewels.

Core Teachings and Structure

The text is structured around the core Jain principles, with a primary focus on the Ratnatraya (Three Jewels):

Right Faith (Samyagdarshan): This is the cornerstone of the entire path. The text defines Right Faith as the pure and unwavering belief in the true nature of the Supreme Souls (Apta), the sacred scriptures (Agam), and the enlightened gurus (Tapobhruta). It emphasizes freedom from the three "Mudhta" (delusions) and eight types of "Garva" (pride or arrogance). The eight Angas (limbs) of Right Faith – Nisshankita (doubtlessness), Nishankshita (desirelessness), Nirvichikitsa (flawlessness), Amudhadrishti (unwavering vision), Upaguhana (support), Sthitikaran (stabilization), Vatsalya (affection), and Prabhavana (propagation) – are elaborated upon to ensure a genuine and error-free faith. The text highlights that this pure faith leads to the reflection of one's true, infinite self.
Right Knowledge (Samyagjnana): This is defined as the accurate and doubt-free knowledge of reality. It is the understanding of the true nature of things, free from any imperfections. The text states that knowledge, when accompanied by Right Faith, becomes the true "Dharma" (path of liberation). This knowledge is divided into two forms: Bhavashrut (inner knowledge) and Dravyashrut (scriptural knowledge or Agam). The Agam itself is further divided into four Anuyogas:
- Prathamanuyoga: Deals with the biographies and heroic deeds of virtuous beings like Tirthankaras, serving as guiding examples.
- Karananuyoga: Explains the structure of the universe, time cycles, and the nature of the four states of existence, helping one to detach from wrong paths.
- Charananuyoga: Details the ethical conduct for both householders and ascetics, including their origin, development, and preservation.
- Dravyanuyoga: Illuminates the true nature of spiritual elements like soul, non-soul, inflow of karma, bondage, cessation, extinction, and liberation, acting as a guiding light in the temple of scriptural knowledge.
Right Conduct (Samyakcharitra): This is the ultimate goal, characterized by complete detachment from passion, attachment, and aversion (Ragadvesha). The text explains that the path to Right Conduct is achieved through various practices that lead closer to this ideal state. It describes the gradual progression towards this pure state. The text delves into the Twelve Vows for householders, which are:
- Five Anuvratas (Minor Vows): The foundational vows for householders.
- Three Gunavratas (Augmenting Vows): Vows that strengthen the Anuvratas.
- Four Shikshavratas (Training Vows): Vows that help in progressing towards asceticism. It also explains the five Atichara (transgressions) that can occur with each vow and the means to overcome them, emphasizing the importance of diligence and repentance. The text also mentions the eight Moolagunas (eight fundamental observances) for Shravakas, which include the abstinence from alcohol, meat, and honey, along with the five Anuvratas.

Key Concepts and Themes

The Unity of Ratnatraya: The text stresses that Right Faith, Right Knowledge, and Right Conduct are not separate entities but are interconnected and form a unified path to liberation. The use of singular terms like "Dharma" (singular for religion/path) reinforces this unity.
The Superiority of Right Faith: It is presented as the foundational element upon which Right Knowledge and Right Conduct are built. Without Right Faith, other practices are considered less impactful.
The Role of External Conduct (Vyavahara Naya): While the ultimate aim is internal purity, the text emphasizes the importance of observable external conduct (Vyavahara Naya) as a means to achieve it.
The Impact of Right Faith: The text illustrates the transformative power of Right Faith, showing how it can elevate even the lowest beings and lead to great spiritual attainments. Conversely, it highlights how the absence of true faith can lead to unfortunate states.
The Importance of Renunciation: The ultimate goal of shedding passions and attachments is underscored, leading to the practice of vows and ultimately to liberation.
Sallēkhana (The Practice of Voluntary Death): The text dedicates a significant portion to explaining Sallēkhana, the gradual shedding of the body along with the shedding of passions, as the final, crucial practice for achieving liberation at the time of death. It emphasizes the importance of controlling the mind and avoiding a premature or undignified end.
The Eleven Pratimas (Stages of Purity for Householders): The text describes the eleven progressive stages of spiritual development for householders, culminating in "Uddishta Tyaga" (renunciation of specially prepared food), signifying a profound level of detachment.
The Value of Adherence: The text stresses the importance of carefully observing vows and avoiding transgressions, likening it to meticulous business dealings where even small losses are avoided.

Overall Message

"Ratnakaranda Shravakachar" is a comprehensive guide that lays down the ethical framework and spiritual practices for Jain householders. It emphasizes the paramount importance of Right Faith as the foundation for Right Knowledge and Right Conduct, leading ultimately to liberation. The text is revered for its clarity, conciseness, and the profound wisdom it imparts for leading a virtuous and spiritually fulfilling life as a lay follower of Jainism.