Pun Panchavana Varshe

Here's a comprehensive summary in English of the provided Jain text, "Pun Panchavana Varshe" by Sukhlal Sanghavi:

This collection of stories, "Pun Panchavana Varshe" (Again After Fifty-Five Years), by Sukhlal Sanghavi, revisits the author's personal intellectual journey and the significance of Jain narrative literature, particularly the "Sajhjhaya" genre. The title itself signifies a return to the formative influences of his past, specifically fifty-five years prior to the writing of this piece.

Early Influences and the Power of Sajhjhaya:

The author recounts how, around the year 1954 of the Vikram Samvat era (approximately 55 years before the writing), Jain literature written in a mix of old and new Gujarati, rather than classical Sanskrit, Pali, or Prakrit, provided him with a crucial intellectual anchor. This literature, primarily in the form of "Sajhjhaya," served as a vital pathway for understanding Jain traditions and philosophy when formal scriptural study was not readily accessible.

The Nature and Importance of Sajhjhaya:

• Definition and Significance: "Sajhjhaya" is described as a melodic, sung form of literature, equivalent to "Swadhyaya" (self-study) in Sanskrit. The author emphasizes the profound importance of Swadhyaya across various Indian traditions, citing the Upanishads' statement that Swadhyaya and teaching are the true penances. Even in the ascetic Jain tradition, while external renunciation is visible, the emphasis is on internal practices like Swadhyaya and meditation.
• Accessibility and Popularity: Sajhjhaya holds immense appeal across all strata of Jain society, including monks, nuns, and laypeople. It is so popular that most Jains know at least one Sajhjhaya by heart, or are drawn to listening to others sing them. Even for those who cannot sing, the melodious recitation captivates them.
• Unifying Force: Similar to how the epics like Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Bhagavata stories transcend sectarian differences, the singing and explanation of Sajhjhaya and "Rasa" (another narrative form) brought people together, making these religious and cultural gatherings a significant festival in villages and cities alike.
• Two Types of Sajhjhaya:
  1. Descriptive: These narrate the qualities of virtuous beings and practices ("savritti").
  2. Biographical: These briefly recount life events of virtuous individuals to create an atmosphere of renunciation and self-control. They often use examples to illustrate the demerits of negative traits like anger and greed, and the benefits of forgiveness and contentment. The second type often focuses on significant life events of revered figures like Lord Mahavir or Gautam.

The "Rasa" Genre and its Evolution:

The author explains that "Rasa" (also known as "Rasaka," "Rasu," or "Ram") is a narrative form that has evolved from ancient times. While Sajhjhaya often serves as a repository of stories and short narratives, Rasa occupies the space of epic poetry or novels for its era. Rasa compositions feature the continuous life story of a main character, interwoven with numerous subplots, making them melodically engaging.

The Core Theme of Virility (Valor/Heroism):

The collection of stories, in general, aims to showcase "Virility" – a quality of courage, determination, and enthusiasm. This virility manifests in various ways: in battle, in acts of charity and renunciation, in love and relationships, and through self-sacrifice. While the external expressions differ, the underlying essence is often self-focused valor, or "Sattvic Urja" (pure enthusiasm).

Analysis of Individual Stories:

The author then delves into a detailed analysis of several stories within the collection, highlighting their origins, themes, and the author's interpretation:

• Story 1: Nandishen: This story depicts the volatile and impulsive nature of a Kshatriya (warrior class) temperament. Nandishen, son of King Bimbisara, is initially drawn to renunciation but his worldly desires resurface. The story explores the futility of physical austerities without inner control and the cyclical nature of human desires, showing both falls and rises. It underscores the idea that internal desires must be addressed for true spiritual progress.
• Story 6: Kapil Kumar: Representing a Brahmanical nature, Kapil Kumar's journey involves a diversion from his spiritual studies towards worldly affections. His story, like Nandishen's, illustrates a fall and eventual rise, emphasizing the impact of mentorship and personal resolve.
• Story 2: Samyati Raj: This story focuses on a Kshatriya character whose aggressive hunting instinct is transformed into compassion through a profound encounter with a Muni (ascetic). It highlights how a powerful, outward-focused drive, when turned inward, can lead to self-realization and ethical transformation. The author draws a parallel with a contemporary event involving General Cariappa to illustrate the enduring nature of such transformations.
• Story 3: Sama: This story centers on a Brahmana wife whose ambition for her son, Rakshit, extends beyond worldly knowledge to spiritual wisdom ("Para Vidya"). It showcases the importance of maternal influence and the quest for higher knowledge, drawing parallels with the story of Svetaketu from the Chandogya Upanishad. It also reflects the prevalent spiritual atmosphere of the era, where the pursuit of Jain principles was deeply integrated.
• Stories 4, 10, and 11 (Sakatala, Udayan Mantri, Amrabhata): These stories highlight the "Kshatra Vritta" (warrior-like valor) of ministers dedicated to their kingdoms. They showcase sacrifice, courage, and strategic acumen in protecting their nations and rulers, even at the cost of their lives. These stories demonstrate that valor is not exclusive to one caste but can be found in Brahmans and Vaishyas as well.
• Story 5: Bhiksha (Shalibhadra): This story delves into the principle of rebirth and the profound, often inexplicable, ties of affection that transcend lifetimes. It illustrates how karmic imprints influence individuals across different births, a core tenet in Indian spiritual traditions.
• Story 7: Shal-Mahashal: This narrative reflects the significant spiritual awakening and renunciation prevalent during the time of Mahavir and Buddha. It depicts brothers forsaking kingdoms for spiritual pursuits and ultimately guiding their nephew towards renunciation, underscoring the powerful influence of spiritual movements.
• Story 8: Rajmata (Mrigavati): This story showcases the strength and resilience of women, portraying Queen Mrigavati as a capable leader who navigates political turmoil and personal loss with fortitude. It asserts that women possess immense potential to overcome significant challenges, akin to historical figures like Lakshmibai and Ahilyabai.
• Story 9: Chhat ke Haar (Chatak and Kanik): This story depicts a historical conflict between grandfather Chatak and grandson Kanik, driven by petty disputes over possessions. It mirrors the destructive nature of human ambition and conflict, as seen in the Mahabharata. The story emphasizes that apparent victory in war often masks a deeper defeat, and true victory lies in spiritual conquest and the renunciation of power.
• Last Story: Bhuyaraj: This narrative highlights the transformation of a king from lustful indulgence to righteous duty through devotion and self-reflection. It emphasizes that even a flawed ruler can regain the people's favor by embracing virtue and righteousness, and that devotion to a higher power (Mahakal) can guide one towards rectitude.

The Need for a Broad-Minded Perspective:

The author notes that ancient and medieval storytellers often focused on characters within their own traditions. However, true appreciation lies in recognizing and valuing virtue and righteousness wherever they are found, irrespective of sectarian affiliations. This generous and inclusive approach is advocated for contemporary writers.

Conclusion:

The author concludes by stating that the purpose of retelling these ancient stories in new forms is to refresh them, make them more accessible, and highlight their universal humanistic values. He expresses his admiration for the author's ability to imbue these stories with flowing language, insightful analysis of human psychology, society, and traditions, and a touch of poetic grace. The collection serves as a powerful reminder of the enduring themes of valor, renunciation, spiritual pursuit, and the transformative power of human character, echoing the influences that shaped the author's own intellectual and spiritual journey.