Prakrit Vyakaran Abhyas Uttar Pustak - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Prakrit Vyakaran Abhyas Uttar Pustak" based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Prakrit Vyakaran Abhyas Uttar Pustak (Prakrit Grammar Exercises: Answer Book)

Author(s):

Original Grammar Author: Dr. Kamalchand Sogani (Director, Jainvidya Sansthan - Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy)
Answer Book Author: Smt. Shakuntala Jain (Assistant Director, Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy, Jaipur)

Publisher: Apbhramsa Sahitya Academy, Jainvidya Sansthan, Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra Shri Mahavirji, Rajasthan.

Purpose: This book is an answer key designed for students to self-check their answers to the exercises in Dr. Kamalchand Sogani's "Prakrit Vyakaran" (Prakrit Grammar).

Context and Significance:

Importance of Prakrit: The introduction highlights Prakrit as a rich folk language of the Indian Aryan language family since the Vedic period. It emphasizes that Lord Mahavir chose to preach in Prakrit, the language of the common people, to facilitate their development. Language is a powerful medium of communication and has a close relationship with life, enabling the presentation of highest human values in a democratic manner.
Foundation for Modern Indian Languages: The study of Prakrit is deemed essential for understanding modern Indian Aryan languages.
Jainvidya Sansthan's Role: The Jainvidya Sansthan at Shri Mahavirji was established in 1988 with the goal of promoting the learning and understanding of Prakrit and Apbhramsa. The Sansthan offers certificate and diploma courses in Prakrit, recognized by Rajasthan University.
Previous Publications: To aid Prakrit learners, the Academy has published several books, including "Prakrit Rachna Saurabh," "Prakrit Abhyas Saurabh," "Prakrit Gadya-Padya Saurabh," "Praudh Prakrit Rachna Saurabh," "Prakrit-Vyakaran," and this answer book.
Addressing a Need: The "Uttar Pustak" addresses the challenge faced by students studying without a direct teacher, enabling them to verify their practice exercises independently and maintain enthusiasm for learning Prakrit.

Content Overview (Based on the provided Table of Contents and Sample Pages):

The book primarily focuses on providing answers and explanations for Prakrit grammar exercises, specifically targeting:

Sandhi Prayog ke Udaharan (Examples of Sandhi Application):
- This section details the process of breaking down compound Prakrit words (Sandhi Viched) and identifying the specific Sandhi rules applied.
- It covers various types of Sandhi, including:
  - Saman Swar Sandhi (Same Vowel Sandhi): Explaining combinations like अ + अ = आ (e.g., मगहाहिवो from मगह+अहिवो).
  - Asaman Swar Sandhi (Different Vowel Sandhi): Explaining combinations like अ + उ = ओ (e.g., नंदणोवमं from नंदण+उवमं).
  - Lopa-Vidhan Sandhi (Elision Sandhi): Where vowels are dropped, often indicated by Avagraha symbols (e.g., जेणाहं from जेण+अहं, with 'अ' elided).
  - Anuswar Vidhan (Anuswar Rule): Specifically addressing the conversion of final 'm' to Anuswar before a vowel (e.g., मंगलमुक्किटुं from मंगलं+उक्किट्ठ).
  - Avyaya-Sandhi (Sandhi with Indeclinables): Specific rules for compounds involving indeclinables like 'अवि'.
- Examples are drawn from various Prakrit texts like Mangalacharan, Saman Sutra, Uttaradhyayana, Vajjalagga, Ashtapahud, Kartikeyanupreksha, Dasrath Pravajja, Ramaniggaman-Bharharajjavihanam, Amangaliyapurissassa Katha, Viusie Puttahuhe Katha, Kassesaa Bhajja, Sasuragahavasinam, Kumme, and Chitthi.
Samas Prayog ke Udaharan (Examples of Samas Application):
- This section provides the analysis of Prakrit compound words (Samas) and identifies the type of Samas used.
- It covers common Samasa types:
  - Dvandva Samas (Copulative Compound): Examples like सुक्ख-दुक्खाणि (सुख और दुःखों को).
  - Digu Samas (Numeral Compounded with Noun): Examples like पंचणमोक्कारो (पंच-नमस्कार), अट्ठवासा (आठ वर्ष की).
  - Tatpurusha Samas (Dependent Compound): Categorized by Vibhakti (case endings), such as:
    - Tritiya Vibhakti Tatpurusha (e.g., मोह-आउरा - मोह से पीड़ित)
    - Chaturthi Vibhakti Tatpurusha (e.g., सुहोइयं - सुखों के लिए उपयुक्त)
    - Shashthi Vibhakti Tatpurusha (e.g., मगहाहिवो - मगध का शासक)
    - Saptami Vibhakti Tatpurusha (e.g., सरणागए - शरण में आये हुए)
  - Karmadharaya Samas (Adjective Compound): Examples like अणुवमसोक्खा (अनुपम सुख).
  - Bahuvrihi Samas (Possessive Compound): Examples like पंचमहव्वयतुंगा (पाँच महाव्रतों से उन्नत).
- Examples are drawn from similar Prakrit texts as the Sandhi section.
Karak Abhyas (Case Exercises):
- This section provides exercises and answers related to the grammatical cases (Karak) in Prakrit.
- It covers the application of different Vibhakti (case endings):
  - Prathama Vibhakti (Nominative Case): The book notes that direct sentences for this case are not provided in the exercises but are expected to be understood from the main grammar book.
  - Dwitiya Vibhakti (Accusative Case): Explains the use of the accusative case, including in passive voice, with dual-object verbs, and with certain prepositions or words indicating direction/time/place (e.g., सव्वओ, समया, अंतियं, अन्तरेण, विणा, अन्तरा, पडि, मार्गवाचक words, दूर).
  - Tritiya Vibhakti (Instrumental Case): Explains its use for the agent in passive voice, in impersonal constructions (Bhavavachya), for expressing cause, time, and distance when an action is completed, and with words like सह, सद्धिं, समं, विणा, तुल्य (similar).
  - Chaturthi Vibhakti (Dative Case): Explains its use for the recipient of a gift, for the purpose of an action, and with verbs like क्रुध् (to be angry), नम् (to bow), रोच् (to please), ईष् (to envy), असूय (to hate), and with the indeclinable अलं (enough).
  - Panchami Vibhakti (Ablative Case): Explains its use for the source of separation, for the cause of fear or repulsion, for the object from which one hides, for the object that stops something, for the source of learning, and with verbs like विरम (to desist), दुगुच्छ (to detest), उत्पन्न होना (to arise), and for comparison.
  - Shashthi Vibhakti (Genitive Case): Explains its use with words indicating purpose or cause (हेउ), for distinguishing one item from a group, with words like कुसल (skilled/blessed), and notes instances where it can replace other cases.
  - Saptami Vibhakti (Locative Case): Explains its use for the location or basis of an action, when one action follows another, and notes instances where it can replace other cases.
Avyaya Abhyas (Indeclinable Exercises):
- This section appears to cover exercises related to the usage and context of various indeclinable words (Avyaya) in Prakrit sentences. Examples include: तो, तइया, परं, तओ, ण हुआ, जत्थ, तत्थ, इह/एत्थ/एत्थं, एव, तयाणि, बहिया/बहि/बहिं/बहित्ता, जत्थ, ता, सणियं, सह, विणा, एते/एए, पच्छा, एगं, कत्थ, जइ, ता, णिच्वं/सया.

Overall Presentation:

The book is presented in a clear, exercise-and-answer format. Each example provides the Prakrit word/phrase, its Sandhi breakdown or Samas identification, and the corresponding grammatical rule cited (often with rule numbers like "नियम 4- लोप-विधान सन्धिः"). This systematic approach aids learners in understanding the underlying principles of Prakrit grammar. The inclusion of citations from various literary works adds a practical dimension to the grammatical study.