Prakrit Prakash Satik

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Prakrit Prakash Satik" by Bhamaaha, edited by Udayram Shastri, based on the provided pages:

Overall Context:

The provided pages are from a critically edited and annotated edition of Bhamaaha'S "Prakrit Prakash," a seminal work on Prakrit grammar. The edition is presented by Jaykrishna Das Gupta. The publication is part of a larger initiative by the "Aho! Shrutgyanam" project, which aims to digitize and preserve rare and ancient Jain manuscripts, making them accessible through DVDs and online platforms like www.ahoshrut.org. This specific edition was published in 2013.

Key Features of the Edition:

• Critical Edition: The text is presented as a "Satik" (with commentary) and "Sanshodhit" (edited) version. The editor, Udayram Shastri (also referred to as Dabral), has not only corrected and compiled the text but also added "Tippani" (notes or commentary).
• Prakrit Prakash: The primary text is Bhamaaha's "Prakrit Prakash," which is described as a commentary on Vararuci's "Prakrit Sutras." This indicates a lineage of Prakrit grammatical tradition being highlighted.
• "Aho! Shrutgyanam" Project: The publication is a direct result of this project, which focuses on the "Jirnoddhar" (restoration of ancient texts) by scanning and creating DVDs of rare books. The catalog links and project details on page 2 further elaborate on this effort, listing numerous other Jain texts digitized.
• Support and Sponsorship: The publication acknowledges the financial support from various Jain organizations and individuals, notably the Jain Sangh of Samakhiyari, inspired by Acharya Shri Mukti Chand Surishwarji and Acharya Shri Muni Chand Surishwarji. Shri Ashapooran Parshwanath Jain Gyan Bhandar in Ahmedabad is also a key contributor and publisher.
• Chronological Context: The project has been releasing sets of digitized books over several years, starting from 2009 (Set No. 1) up to 2016 (Set No. 7) and even 2015 (Set No. 6). This specific edition falls under Set No. 5, published in 2013 (Samvat 2069).

Content of the Text (Prakrit Prakash):

The provided pages offer a glimpse into the detailed grammatical rules of Prakrit as explained by Bhamaaha. The text is structured into chapters (Paricched), with the initial pages covering the first three and part of the fourth.

Chapter 1 (Pratham Paricched - Varna Vichar - Vowel Analysis):

This chapter focuses on the phonological changes of vowels in Prakrit, specifically dealing with how Sanskrit vowels transform. It covers rules concerning:

• 'A' to 'A' and 'I' transformations: Rules like "Aderatah" (Page 20) detailing how the initial 'a' in Sanskrit words can change to 'a' or 'i' in Prakrit. Examples like "Samriddhyadiṣu vā" (Page 23) show 'a' becoming 'ā' or 'i', and "Idādeḥ pañcasveṣu" (Page 24) covering 'i' becoming 'e'.
• 'U' and 'O' changes: Rules for 'u' becoming 'o' (Page 23, "O badare den") and 'ū' becoming 'o' ("Mayūramayūkhayor vā" Page 23).
• 'R' and 'L' sounds: Rules regarding the transformation of 'r' and 'ṛ' (Page 27 "Ṛto't", Page 28 "Ṛrtī").
• 'E', 'AI', 'O', 'AU' transformations: Rules detailing how diphthongs and long vowels change in Prakrit (Pages 31-33).

Chapter 2 (Dwitiya Paricched - Varna Vichar - Consonant Analysis):

This chapter delves into the changes of consonants:

• Consonant Deletions: Rules like "Ayuktasya anādau" (Page 34) and "Kagachajatapaya" (Page 34) explain the deletion of consonants at the beginning of words when they are not part of a consonant cluster.
• Consonant Transformations: Numerous rules detail specific consonant changes, such as:
  • 'K', 'G', 'C', 'J', 'T', 'D', 'P', 'Y', 'V' becoming 'L' or other sounds ("Kagachajatapaya prayo lopaḥ" Page 34).
  • 'M' becoming 'N' ("Yamunāyāṃ masya" Page 37).
  • 'K' becoming 'H' ("Sphāṭikaniṣika ciku reṣu kasya ha" Page 37).
  • 'K' becoming 'M' ("Śīkare bha" Page 38).
  • 'K' becoming 'M' ("Chandrikāyāṃ ma" Page 38).
  • 'T' becoming 'D' ("Ṛtvādiṣu to da" Page 38).
  • 'T' becoming 'D' in specific cases ("Pratisara vetasa patākāsu ṅa" Page 39).
  • 'T' becoming 'N' ("Gat'iśabde") ("Garbhitam na" Page 40).
  • 'D' becoming 'N' ("Airāvate ca" Page 40).
  • 'D' becoming 'L' ("Pradīptakadambadohadeṣu la" Page 40).
  • 'D' becoming 'R' ("Gadgaderḥ" Page 41).
  • 'P' becoming 'V' ("Po va" Page 41).
  • 'P' becoming 'M' ("Āpīḍe ma" Page 42).
  • 'Y' becoming 'H' ("Chāyāyāṃ ha" Page 42).
  • 'B' becoming 'M' ("Kabandhe bo ma" Page 42).
  • 'T' becoming 'D' ("Ṭo ḍaḥ" Page 43).
  • 'T' becoming 'D' ("Ḍasya ca" Page 43).
  • 'Ṭ' becoming 'D' ("Ṭo ḍaḥ" Page 43).
  • 'F' becoming 'B' ("Phobha" Page 44).
  • 'Kh', 'Gh', 'Th', 'Dh', 'Bh' becoming 'H' ("Khaghadhabhāṃ haḥ" Page 44).
  • 'Ṭ' becoming 'Ḍ' ("Śiṣthila niṣedheṣu ḍaḥ" Page 45).
  • 'M' becoming 'V' in "Kaitabha" ("Kaitabhe va" Page 45).
  • 'R' becoming 'L' in "Haridra" ("Haridrādīnāṃ ro laḥ" Page 46).
  • 'Y' becoming 'J' ("Āyojaj" Page 47).
  • 'K' becoming 'Ch' ("Kirāte ca" Page 47).
  • 'B' becoming 'M' in "Manmatha" ("Manmatha-veva" Page 49).
  • 'N' becoming 'N' ("Ṣaṭśāvakasaptaparṇānāṃ chaḥ" Page 49).
  • 'Ś', 'Ṣ' becoming 'S' ("Śaṣoḥ saḥ" Page 50).
  • 'Ś' becoming 'H' in "Daśādiṣu" ("Daśādiṣu haḥ" Page 50).
  • 'S' becoming 'H' in "Divasa" ("Diva sesasya" Page 51).
  • 'Ṣ' becoming 'Ṇh' in "Snusā" ("Snusāyāṃ ṇaḥ" Page 51).

Chapter 3 (Tṛtīya Paricched - Varna Vichar - Vowel & Consonant Interactions):

This chapter continues the detailed analysis of Prakrit phonology, focusing on how vowels and consonants interact and transform:

• Vowel & Consonant Deletions: Rules like "Uparilopaḥ ka ga ḍa ta da pa ṣa sām" (Page 46) explaining the deletion of certain consonants within words.
• Consonant Changes & Duplication: Rules concerning transformations like 's''t' to 'th' ("Stasya thaḥ" Page 52), 'st' to 'kh' in "stambha" ("Stambhe khaḥ" Page 53), and consonant duplication.
• 'Y' Transformations: Rules for 'ya' becoming 'ja' ("Cakavargasya spaṣṭatā" Page 125), 'rya' becoming 'ja' ("Ryāśaya śayyeṣu jaḥ" Page 55), and 'rya' becoming 'ra' ("Tūryadhairyasauṃdaryāśca paryanteṣu raḥ" Page 56).
• Other Vowel and Consonant Rules: Numerous rules detail specific changes, such as 'r' to 'l' ("Rītiḥ" Page 36), 'e' to 'i' ("Inaichhedanādayoravayoḥ" Page 34), 'ai' to 'a' or 'ai' ("Daityādiṣv" Page 34), and 'au' to 'o' ("Oto't" Page 40).

Chapter 4 (Chaturtha Paricched - Varna Vichar - More Vowel & Consonant Interactions):

This chapter continues the intricate rules of Prakrit phonology:

• Specific Word Rules: Rules applying to particular words like "Udumabare doḥ lopaḥ" (Page 47) for 'udumbar', "Kālāya sa ya sya va" (Page 47) for 'kālāyasa', "Bhājane jasya" (Page 48) for 'bhājana', and "Yāvadādiṣu va sya" (Page 48) for 'yāvadādi'.
• Antya Hal Law: The rule "Antyahalaḥ" (Page 49) explains the deletion of the final consonant.
• Vowel Changes and Influences: Rules detailing vowel changes based on context, like "I'd Udatōduḥ kayaḥ" (Page 14) showing 'u' becoming 'o', or "A-kāra lopaḥ" (Page 15) for the deletion of 'a'.
• Vowel Influences on neighboring vowels: Rules showing how one vowel can affect another, like "I'd Udatōduḥ kayaḥ" (Page 14).
• Nasalization: The use of 'anusvara' (bindu) is discussed in rules like "Vakrādiṣu bindu āgamaḥ" (Page 54) and "Māṃsādiṣu vā" (Page 55).

Chapter 5 (Pañcama Paricched - Vibhakti Rūpāṇi - Case Forms):

This chapter shifts focus to the inflectional morphology, specifically the case endings of nouns and pronouns.

• Pronoun Declensions: Detailed rules are provided for the declension of pronouns like 'idam' (this), 'etad' (this), 'kim' (who/what), 'yad' (which), and 'tad' (that). This includes changes to case endings and the addition of particles. For example, "Sarvādērjas aitvaṃ" (Page 65) for the 'jas' ending of 'sarva', and "Idamimḥ" (Page 70) for the pronoun 'idam'.
• Noun Declensions: Rules for common noun declensions are presented, using examples like 'vatsa' (calf), 'vṛkṣa' (tree), 'agni' (fire), 'vāyu' (wind), 'mālā' (garland), and 'nadī' (river). These rules illustrate how case endings are applied and modified. For instance, "Aṅkośalō" (Page 23) for 'aṅkola', "Agneḥ" (Page 67) for 'agni', "Mātrā" (Page 77) for 'mātr̥', "Nadyāḥ" (Page 77) for 'nadī', and "Va'śabdaḥ" (Page 77) for 'vaśabda'.
• Dual and Plural Forms: The chapter likely explains the formation of dual and plural case forms.
• Specific Gender Rules: Mention of gender-specific rules, such as "Nāntyaṃtvāyāṃ" (Page 72) for feminine endings.

Chapter 6 (Ṣaṣṭha Paricched - Vibhakti Rūpāṇi - More on Case Forms):

This chapter continues the detailed discussion of case endings.

• Pronoun Declensions: More rules for pronouns like 'idam', 'etad', 'kim', 'yad', 'tad', and 'ad' are covered. Rules like "Sarvanāma devasyādeḥ" (Page 65) for 'sarva', "Idamimḥ" (Page 70) for 'idam', "Etad'aḥ sāvo'tvaṃ vā" (Page 71) for 'etad', and "Tad'ad'asō do muḥ" (Page 72) for 'adas'.
• Noun Declensions: Further examples for noun declensions, including those related to "Sarva" (all) and the specific behavior of 'idam' and 'etad' in different contexts.
• Special Endings: Rules for special endings in different grammatical contexts, such as "Mahaḥ" (Page 75) related to 'dasa' (ten), and "Vaḥ" (Page 75) in relation to 'dvandva' (dual).
• Plural Forms: Discussion on plural forms, with "Dvīvacanasy bahuvacanaṃ" (Page 76) indicating how dual forms might be related to plural forms.

Chapter 7 (Saptama Paricched - Tīṅ-vidhiḥ - Verb Conjugation):

This chapter focuses on verb conjugation, detailing the formation of different tenses and moods.

• Present Tense: Rules for present tense conjugation, including active and passive voice, with examples like "Bhuvō hōhuvo" (Page 80) for the root 'bhu' (to be), "Dhatōrbhaviṣyati hiḥ" (Page 83) for future tense, and "Haste rloʻpaḥ" (Page 81) explaining the deletion of 'r' in the root 'has' (to laugh).
• Future Tense: Rules for the future tense, such as "Uttame ssā hā ca" (Page 84) and "Mina ssāṃ vā" (Page 84).
• Past Tense: Rules for past tense formation, including "Ī'a bhūte" (Page 86) for past tense, and "Ekācō hī'a" (Page 86) for verbs with a single vowel.
• Imperative Mood: Rules for the imperative mood, like "Unte" (Page 87) and "Unte" (Page 87), and "Jā vā" (Page 87).
• Causative Verbs: Rules for causative verbs, such as "Nicāve ca" (Page 87) and "Āv'iḥ ktakarma-bhāveṣu vā" (Page 87).
• Specific Root Transformations: Rules detailing transformations of specific verb roots, like 'bhu' (to be) becoming 'ho', 'huvu', or 'hva' ("Bhuvō hōhuvo" Page 80), 'tvar' (to hurry) becoming 'tuvara' ("Svarastuvaraḥ" Page 81), 'ghuṇa' (to rotate) becoming 'ghola' ("Ghuṇo gholḥ" Page 81), and 'grah' (to take) becoming 'geṇha' ("Grāhērgeṇhaḥ" Page 82).

Chapter 8 (Aṣṭama Paricched - Dhātādeśaḥ - Verb Root Transformations):

This chapter focuses on specific changes to verb roots and their implications in Prakrit.

• Root Transformations: A significant portion of this chapter is dedicated to detailing how Sanskrit verb roots transform into Prakrit forms. Examples include:
  • 'Bhu' (to be) becoming 'ho', 'huvu', 'hva' (Page 80).
  • 'Prādeḥ bhavaḥ' (Page 80) for roots prefixed with 'pra'.
  • 'Tvara' becoming 'tuvara' (Page 81).
  • 'Ghuṇa' becoming 'ghola' (Page 81).
  • 'Gr' becoming 'geṇha' (Page 82).
  • 'Kri' (to do) becoming 'ka' in past and future ("Kr̥ṣaḥ kā bhūtabhaviṣyatośca" Page 85).
  • 'Grah' becoming 'geṇha' (Page 82).
  • 'Khād' becoming 'kha', 'dhāvu' becoming 'dhā' ("Khādidhāvyōḥ khā dhau" Page 86).
  • 'Liha' becoming 'lijjha' (Page 88).
  • 'Hr̥' and 'Kr̥' becoming 'hīra' and 'kīra' ("Hr̥hr̥ Kīrau" Page 88).
  • 'Mṛd' becoming 'la' ("Mṛdō laḥ" Page 90).
  • 'Śada', 'Pala' becoming 'ḍa' ("Śadala patyōr ḍaḥ" Page 90).
  • 'Śak' and its variations showing duplication ("Śakādīnāṃ dvītvam" Page 91).
  • 'Sphuṭi', 'Cali' showing optional duplication ("Sphūṭicalyōrvā" Page 91).
  • 'Mlecch' becoming 'mala' ("Mlecchādayaḥ" Page 92).
  • 'Śr', 'Hu', 'Ji', 'Lun', 'Dhū' having 'ṇa' ending (Page 93).
  • 'Gama', 'Rami', 'Has' showing duplication ('gama-gamma', 'rami-rammi', 'hasa-hassi') (Page 95).
  • 'Liha' becoming 'lijjha' (Page 95).
  • 'Hṛñ', 'Kr̥' becoming 'hīra', 'kīra' (Page 95).
  • 'Grah' becoming 'gahi', 'geṇha' (Page 96).
  • 'Dā' becoming 'diṇṇa' (Page 97).
  • 'Khid' becoming 'viraha' (Page 97).
  • 'Kr̥dh' becoming 'jura' (Page 98).
  • 'Carc' becoming 'campa' (Page 98).
  • 'Tras' becoming 'vaja' (Page 98).
  • 'Mṛj' becoming 'lubha', 'supa' (Page 99).
  • 'Bhuja' becoming 'buja', 'khuppa' (Page 99).
  • 'Hr̥' becoming 'hira', 'pūla', 'niakka', 'avakṣā' (Page 99).
  • 'Śak' becoming 'tara', 'va'a', 'tīra' (Page 100).
  • 'Mṛd' becoming 'la' (Page 100).
  • 'Śadala', 'Pala' becoming 'ḍa' (Page 100).
  • 'Bhuj' becoming 'jiga', 'jela' (Page 110).
  • 'Kr̥' becoming 'kā', 'kuṇa' (Page 84).

Chapter 9 (Navama Paricched - Nipāta Saṃjñā - Indeclinables/Particles):

This chapter discusses the use and formation of indeclinables or particles in Prakrit.

• Particles for specific meanings: Rules detail particles used for:
  • Giving, Questioning, Determination: 'Huṃ' (Page 119).
  • Emphasis/Apposition: 'Via', 'Veba' (Page 119).
  • Information, Repentance, Options: 'O' (Page 120).
  • Uncertainty: 'Ira', 'Kira', 'Kila' (Page 120).
  • Certainty, Conjecture, Possibility: 'Huṃ', 'Kṣu' (Page 121).
  • Exclusivity: 'Navaraḥ' (Page 121).
  • Succession: 'Gari' (Page 122).
  • Questioning: 'Kiṇaḥ' (Page 122).
  • Sorrow, Information, Conjecture: 'Abbo' (Page 122).
  • Prohibition: 'Alāhi' (Page 123).
  • Encouragement, Praise: 'Ai', 'Valē' (Page 123).
  • Contrariety: 'Napi' (Page 123).
  • Contempt: 'M' (Page 124).
  • Addressing, Affection, Quarrels, Accusation: 'Re', 'Arē', 'Hirē' (Page 124).
  • Simile: 'Mmītra', 'Mna', 'Via' (Page 124).
  • Calling/Addressing: 'Ajja' (Page 125).
• Remaining words: The text mentions that other grammatical rules not covered are to be understood from Sanskrit.

Chapter 10 (Daśama Paricched - Paiśācī):

This chapter introduces Paiśācī, one of the Prakrit dialects.

• Definition and Origin: Paiśācī is identified as the language of the 'Piśācas' (demons/spirits).
• Relationship to Śaurasenī: It is stated that Śaurasenī is the "prakṛti" (source or basis) for Paiśācī, meaning Paiśācī is derived from or closely related to Śaurasenī.
• Specific Phonological Rules: Several rules detail specific phonetic transformations in Paiśācī, such as:
  • Transformation of third and fourth class consonants ("Vargāṇāṃ tṛtīya caturthayor ayugoj anādyor ādyau" Page 124).
  • 'Iva' becoming 'piva' ("Ivasya ṣivaḥ" Page 125).
  • 'Na' becoming 'na' ("No naḥ" Page 125).
  • 'Ṣṭa' becoming 'saṭa' ("Ṣṭasya saṭaḥ" Page 126).
  • 'Sna' becoming 'sana' ("Lasya sanaḥ" Page 126).
  • 'Rya' becoming 'ria' ("Yasya ri'aḥ" Page 127).
  • 'Jña' becoming 'a' ("Jñasya aḥ" Page 127).
  • 'Nya' in 'kanyā' becoming 'kṣa' ("Kanyāyāṃ nyasya" Page 127).
  • 'Ja' becoming 'ca' in Śaurasenī-derived words ("Ja ca" Page 128).
  • 'Ra', 'Ca', 'Ṭa', 'Ḍa', 'N' changes in relation to 'Rājan' (King) ("Rājñō rāci ṭāṅgasiṃḍiṃṣu vā" Page 128).
  • 'Tva' becoming 'tūna' ("Vastūnaṃ" Page 129).
  • 'Ri' in 'hr̥daya' becoming 'haḍakka' ("Hr̥dayasya hiḍakkaḥ" Page 129).

Chapter 11 (Ekādaśa Paricched - Māgadhī):

This chapter introduces Māgadhī, another Prakrit dialect.

• Definition and Origin: Māgadhī is identified as the language of the Magadha region.
• Relationship to Śaurasenī: Similar to Paiśācī, Māgadhī's "prakṛti" (basis) is stated to be Śaurasenī.
• Specific Phonological Rules: Rules detailing transformations in Māgadhī:
  • 'Ṣ', 'S' becoming 'Śa' ("Ṣaṣōḥ śaḥ" Page 129).
  • 'Ja' becoming 'ya' ("Jo yaḥ" Page 129).
  • Clarity of 'Ca' sounds ("Cavargasya spaṣṭatā tathoccāraṇaḥ" Page 130).
  • 'Ri' in 'hr̥daya' becoming 'haḍakka' ("Hr̥dayasya haḍakkaḥ" Page 130).
  • 'Rya', 'Ja' becoming 'Sa' ("Yajayōryaḥ" Page 131).
  • 'Kṣa' becoming 'ska' ("Kṣasya skaḥ" Page 131).
  • Pronoun changes: 'A-mad' becoming 'hake', 'hage', 'ahake' ("Asmadō sa u hake hage ahakē" Page 132), 'idam' becoming 'eśi', 'eśā' ("Idamētasya lucca" Page 132).
  • 'Kta' becoming 'ḍa' ("Kr̥mr̥ṅgām ktasya ḍaḥ" Page 133).
  • 'Kva' becoming 'dāni' ("Kṛśya dāniḥ" Page 133).
  • 'Kta' becoming 'ḍa' in specific cases ("Kṛmr̥ṅgām ktasya ḍaḥ" Page 133).

Chapter 12 (Dvādaśa Paricched - Śaurasenī):

This chapter focuses on Śaurasenī, a major Prakrit dialect.

• Definition and Origin: Śaurasenī is identified, and its "prakṛti" (basis) is stated to be Sanskrit.
• Extensive Phonological Rules: This chapter contains a very large number of specific rules for vowel and consonant changes in Śaurasenī, covering transformations for almost every letter and its combinations. This highlights the detailed grammatical analysis.
• Specific Word Transformations: Numerous rules are dedicated to how specific Sanskrit words transform into Śaurasenī, covering common words and grammatical elements.
• Verb Conjugation in Śaurasenī: The chapter also details verb conjugations in Śaurasenī, including present tense, future tense, and past tense forms. It provides examples of how roots conjugate with different endings.
• Pronoun Declensions in Śaurasenī: Extensive rules for the declension of pronouns like 'idam', 'etad', 'tad', 'kim', 'yad', 'asmad', and 'yuṣmad' are presented, showing their Prakrit forms and case endings.
• Numerical Words: Rules for numbers like 'dvi' (two), 'tri' (three), and 'caturaḥ' (four) are discussed.
• Vowel and Consonant Interactions: Many rules address specific interactions between vowels and consonants, leading to various transformations.
• Use of Particles: The chapter likely touches upon the use of particles in Śaurasenī.

Overall Significance:

This edition of "Prakrit Prakash" is a valuable resource for understanding Prakrit grammar. The detailed commentary and extensive listing of rules, along with the context of the "Aho! Shrutgyanam" project, underscore the importance of preserving and disseminating linguistic and religious knowledge within the Jain tradition. The text itself is a testament to the sophisticated linguistic scholarship that has existed within Jainism.