Perspectives In Jaina Philosophy And Culture

This is a comprehensive summary of the book "Perspectives in Jaina Philosophy and Culture" by Satish Jain and Kamalchand Sogani, based on the provided text:

Book Overview and Purpose:

"Perspectives in Jaina Philosophy and Culture" is a collection of 52 scholarly articles presented at the Third International Jain Conference held in New Delhi in February 1985. The book aims to introduce readers to the multifaceted aspects of Jain thought, culture, literature, history, and archaeology. It highlights the contributions of Jainism to Indian culture and its relevance in the contemporary world. The conference itself focused on global peace, disarmament, non-violence, vegetarianism, ethical living, and the propagation of Jain doctrines and culture.

Key Themes and Concepts Explored:

The book delves into a wide array of topics, covering the core tenets of Jain philosophy and their practical application, as well as the historical and artistic heritage of Jainism. Some of the prominent themes include:

• Metaphysics and Ontology:

  • Paryaya: The concept of "Paryaya" (mode of existence) is presented as a singular contribution of Jainism to world philosophy, offering a nuanced understanding of reality beyond rigid identity.
  • Substances (Dravyas): The six fundamental substances of Jain metaphysics (Jiva, Pudgala, Dharma, Adharma, Akasa, Kala) are discussed, along with their interactions.
  • Anekantavada and Syadvada: The doctrines of non-absolutism (Anekantavada) and conditional predication (Syadvada) are explained as deriving from Jaina metaphysics, emphasizing the multi-faceted nature of reality and the importance of pluralistic viewpoints.

• The Soul (Jiva):

  • The Jain concept of the soul is detailed, highlighting its inherent purity and perfection from a "Nishchaya Naya" (real point of view) perspective, and its apparent impurity due to karmic bondage from a "Vyavahara Naya" (practical point of view).
  • A scientific interpretation of the soul is explored, suggesting a connection between the soul and the magnetic field of an organism, and how karmic matter might be understood in terms of electromagnetic waves.
  • Jainism's belief in individual souls, separate and progressing through their own efforts towards liberation (Moksha), is contrasted with the concept of a supreme God.

• Space, Time, and the Universe:

  • The Jain understanding of the universe, its six substances, and its vastness (measured in "Rajju") is presented.
  • Comparisons are drawn between Jain cosmology and modern scientific theories, particularly Einstein's theory of Relativity, regarding the dimensions and nature of the universe.
  • The Jain concept of time, cyclical cosmology (Avasarpini and Utsarpini), and cosmic dissolution (Pralaya) are discussed.

• Jain Yoga and Mysticism:

  • Jain Yoga is defined as the activities of body, speech, and mind, contrasting with Patanjali's Yoga. The ultimate goal is self-realization and liberation through control of these activities (Samvara).
  • The path to self-realization involves spiritual awakening, purgation, illumination, and the transcendental life. Devotion to the "Panca-Paramesthis" (five Great Ones) is crucial for mystical realization.
  • Fundamentals of Jain mysticism are explained through stages of spiritual development, emphasizing the dispelling of ignorance and the attainment of "Arhat-hood" or "Siddha-hood."

• Ahimsa (Non-Violence) and Vegetarianism:

  • Ahimsa is presented as the cornerstone of Jain ethics, understood as love and respect for all life.
  • The positive content of non-violence is explored, emphasizing goodwill towards all life and suggesting that violence done out of goodwill might be tolerated as a necessary measure.
  • The integral link between Ahimsa and vegetarianism is strongly emphasized, arguing that vegetarian food is conducive to purity of thought, refinement of character, and spiritual progress.
  • The scientific and health benefits of a vegetarian diet are discussed, contrasting it with the potential negative impacts of non-vegetarian food on physical and mental well-being.
  • Ahimsa is presented as the best solution for many of the world's problems, including conflict, tension, and environmental degradation.
  • The teachings of Ahimsa are examined in relation to other religions, highlighting Jainism's comprehensive approach.

• Contributions to Indian Culture:

  • Literature: Jainas have made immense contributions to literature in various Indian languages, including Prakrit, Sanskrit, Rajasthani, Hindi, Kannada, Tamil, and Telugu. They are credited with pioneering narrative literature and preserving many Indian tales.
  • Arts and Architecture: Jainas have produced exquisite specimens of architecture and iconography across India, including temples, cave temples, and monolithic statues. The Ellora Jaina caves are highlighted as a unique blend of Northern and Southern Indian art styles.
  • Philosophy: Jainism offers a distinct philosophical system that occupies a unique position between Brahmanic and Buddhist thought, particularly with its emphasis on Anekantavada.
  • Ethical and Social Spheres: Jainism's contributions include the principles of Ahimsa, Aparigraha (non-possession), and Brahmacharya (celibacy), which have influenced Indian ethical and social life. The doctrine of Karma, emphasizing individual responsibility and free will, has promoted rationality. The principle of religious tolerance stemming from Anekantavada has fostered harmony. Jainism's inclusive approach regarding caste and creed, and the significant role of women and lay-followers within the Jain community, are also highlighted.
  • Mathematics: Ancient Indian mathematics, including significant contributions from Jain scholars, is discussed. The development of the decimal system, the concept of zero, and various mathematical principles found in Jain Agamas are noted.

• Jain Practices and Institutions:

  • Namokara Maha Mantra: The significance and profound meaning of the Namokara Maha Mantra are explained, emphasizing its role as a mantra of self-awakening and a guide to salvation.
  • Puja (Worship): The practices of puja among South Indian Jainas are described, detailing the preparatory steps, anointing (Abhisheka), and adoration (Archana) with various materials, emphasizing devotion to the Jinns.
  • Jaina Centers and Societies: The growth of Jain communities and centers in North America and other parts of the world is documented, highlighting their activities in promoting Jainism, Ahimsa, and vegetarianism.
  • Institutions: The establishment of organizations like Ahimsa International, International Mahavir Jain Mission, and Shri Atam Vallabh Jain Smarak Shikshan Nidhi are mentioned, showcasing their efforts in propagating Jain values and providing educational and social services.

• Relevance of Jainism Today:

  • The book strongly argues for the relevance of Jain philosophy in the modern world, especially in addressing issues of violence, mental tension, and social conflict.
  • The emphasis on mental equanimity (Samayika), non-attachment (Aprigraha), and non-violence (Ahimsa) is presented as a path to achieving peace and harmony in the present age.
  • The Jain concept of truth being perspectival (Anekantavada) is highlighted as particularly crucial for fostering tolerance and understanding in a pluralistic world.

Overall Message:

"Perspectives in Jaina Philosophy and Culture" serves as a testament to the enduring wisdom and practical applicability of Jain teachings. It underscores Jainism's profound philosophical insights, its rich cultural heritage, and its crucial role in promoting ethical living, peace, and well-being for individuals and society at large. The collection advocates for a deeper understanding and integration of Jain principles in contemporary life to address global challenges.