Paryushan Parvana Vyakhyano

Here is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Paryushan Parvana Vyakhyano" by Sukhlal Sanghavi and Bechardas Doshi, based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Paryushan Parvana Vyakhyano (Lectures on the Paryushan Festival) Authors: Pt. Sukhlal Sanghavi, Pt. Bechardas Doshi Publisher: Sukhlalji Sanghavi Jain Literature Research Office, Ahmedabad Catalog Link: https://jainqq.org/explore/004696/1 Publication Year: V.S. 1987 (1930 CE) Price: 6 Annas

Overall Theme: This book is a collection of lectures delivered during the Paryushan festival, aiming to bridge traditional Jain practices with contemporary relevance. The authors, Sukhlalji Sanghavi and Bechardas Doshi, observed a disconnect between established religious practices and the evolving intellectual and social landscape. They sought to make Jain teachings accessible and engaging for a modern, inquisitive audience, encouraging critical thinking and relevant application of Jain principles.

Key Ideas and Lectures:

1. Introduction and Purpose:

   • The book was published with the aim of fostering courage, deep contemplation, and independent thought in place of timidity, shallowness, and intellectual subservience.
   • The lectures were organized in public spaces like the Premabhai Hall, diverging from the traditional setting of Upashrayas, and involved lay speakers engaging with the audience, a departure from the monastics reading scriptures.
   • This shift was a response to a decline in regular attendance at traditional religious gatherings, driven by a need for intellectual engagement, questioning, and the inclusion of women and the general public.
   • The core message emphasizes that true value lies not in antiquity or novelty, but in truth (Satya). The teachings of Lord Mahavir, who adapted external practices while preserving core truth, serve as a guide for this evolution.
   • The lectures were initiated through discussions among friends in 1982 and gained momentum over three years, reflecting a growing demand for exploring the practical application of Jain principles.
   • The intention was to clarify how ancient Jain principles can be made practical and how religious heritage can foster happiness and peace rather than conflict.

2. Lectures on Paryushan and its Utility:

   • Origin of Festivals: Festivals arise from various reasons, often a primary cause complemented by secondary ones. Common underlying motivations are devotion and enjoyment. Festivals are sustained by public devotion and participation.
   • Classification of Festivals: Festivals are divided into two categories:
     • Laukik (Worldly/Asuric): Born from fear, greed, or wonder, focused on worldly pursuits (Artha and Kama). Examples include Nag Panchami, Sheetala Saptami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja.
     • Lokottar (Otherworldly/Daivik): Born from the spirit of life purification, aiming for moral upliftment. Examples include festivals promoting self-control and spiritual growth.
   • Jain Festivals: Uniquely, Jain festivals are not rooted in fear, greed, or wonder, nor do they later incorporate such elements. Their sole purpose is the purification and strengthening of knowledge and conduct.
   • Paryushan: Considered the best of Jain festivals, centered around the Samvatsarik (annual) observance. Samvatsarik signifies purging the soul of accumulated impurities and resolving to avoid them. It's a day for introspection, reconciliation, and cultivating inner purity.
   • Paryushan Traditions: The eight-day Paryushan, culminating in Samvatsarik, is observed by both Shvetambaras and Digambaras (who call it Dashalakshan). The lectures acknowledge the spiritual atmosphere generated during this period, characterized by reduced worldly engagement, controlled consumption, scripture study, self-reflection, veneration of ascetics, and offering fearlessness to living beings.
   • Modern Relevance: The authors lament that despite these traditions, societal issues like conflict, factionalism, and ego persist, hindering spiritual progress. They advocate for using Paryushan to improve social and national life, emphasizing the need to understand Jain heritage and its practical application for societal well-being.
   • Critique of Traditional Practices: The book critiques the static nature of traditional Kalpa Sutra recitation, which often leads to boredom and hinders intellectual engagement. The authors advocate for discussions on core Jain principles to foster deeper understanding and growth. They historicalize the evolution of Kalpa Sutra recitation, showing how practices adapt to societal needs and interests.
   • Reasons for Ineffectiveness of Current Practices:
     • Time-consuming nature leading to fatigue and inability to critically engage.
     • Rigid format suppressing discussion and diverse perspectives.
     • Lack of focus on contemporary social and national issues.
     • Overemphasis on blind faith, stifling intellect and inquiry.
     • Ignorance or misrepresentation of current realities, with a one-sided focus on preserving historical facts.
   • Call for Reform: The lectures represent a public initiative to revitalize Paryushan by introducing a new method of discussion and engagement, aiming to address the stagnation and irrelevance felt by many.

3. Dharma and Panth (Religion and Sect):

   • Dharma (Religion): Characterized by introspection, originating from within the soul, and guiding individuals towards inner growth. It fosters unity, equality, and a sense of shared humanity.
   • Panth (Sect/Path): Marked by externalism, arising from external influences and superficial practices. It promotes differentiation, division, and often leads to a detachment from the suffering of others.
   • Characteristics: Dharma is virtue-based, while Panth is form-based, emphasizing outward appearances like attire and rituals. Dharma cultivates humility and an awareness of one's limitations, whereas Panth can breed artificial humility and a sense of superiority. Dharma seeks truth, embracing diverse perspectives, while Panth often clings to a single, potentially distorted, view.
   • Consequences: Panth, though often born from Dharma, can ultimately harm it, much like an overgrowing nail harming the flesh. The ultimate goal should be to infuse Panths with the spirit of Dharma.
   • The Way Forward: The call is to either bring Dharma into Panths or abolish Panths devoid of Dharma, as being without Dharma is worse than being without a Panth. True Dharma is characterized by a quest for truth, and a critical, open-minded approach.

4. Ahimsa and Amarī (Non-violence and Non-consumption):

   • Ahimsa's History: Ahimsa has ancient roots in India, with Jainism and Buddhism being its foremost propagators. Lord Mahavir and Buddha significantly advanced the principle of Ahimsa. The impact of Ahimsa on other cultures is unparalleled.
   • Ahimsa in Indian History: Historical evidence, including Emperor Ashoka's edicts and King Samprati's patronage, highlights the significant influence of Ahimsa. Figures like Acharya Hemchandra and Hiravijayasuri further championed Ahimsa, even influencing Mughal Emperor Akbar.
   • Modern Manifestations of Ahimsa: Institutions like Panjarapoles (animal shelters) and Goshalas (cow shelters) are tangible expressions of this tradition. The text estimates significant annual expenditure on these institutions, caring for numerous animals. Other practices like Kidiara (feeding ants) and providing food to aquatic creatures also stem from Ahimsa.
   • Ahimsa Towards Humans: The summary extends Ahimsa to human welfare, citing practices of charity, hospitality, and care for the needy, disabled, and sick as evidence.
   • Critique of Current Ahimsa Practices: While the spirit of Ahimsa is present, its application towards humans is criticized for being disorganized and lacking systematic approach. The text highlights the need for a more structured and widespread application of compassion, especially in the face of contemporary challenges like poverty, unemployment, and political subjugation.
   • Reinterpreting Amarī (Non-consumption/Ethical Consumption): In the modern context, Amarī extends to supporting Swadeshi (indigenous products) and boycotting foreign goods. This is presented as a direct way to help fellow citizens, revive industries, and achieve national self-sufficiency, which is deemed more impactful than mere charitable donations. It emphasizes economic independence as a crucial aspect of Ahimsa in the current era.
   • The True Essence: Ahimsa is not just about abstaining from violence but also about cultivating love and compassion. The text stresses that the ultimate goal is not just avoiding harm but actively contributing to the well-being of all living beings, with a particular focus on human welfare and national upliftment. The critique is that current practices are often unorganized and may even indirectly contribute to harm due to systemic issues.

5. Tapa and Parishaha (Asceticism and Endurances):

   • Tapa's Antiquity: Asceticism is as ancient as Ahimsa, with evidence found in Vedic texts, Brahmanical traditions, and Buddhist and Jain scriptures. Tapa was considered essential for achieving both spiritual and material goals.
   • Tapa's Purpose: Historically, Tapa was practiced for spiritual liberation, worldly gains, and even to challenge divine powers (like Indra). It was a central element in various ashramas (stages of life).
   • Jain Tapa: Lord Mahavir's approach to Tapa was holistic, encompassing both external austerities and internal purification. While Buddhist texts sometimes critique extreme physical austerities, Jainism emphasizes their role in self-awareness, introspection, and ultimately, spiritual liberation.
   • Parishaha: Defined as voluntary endurance of hardships faced by ascetics. While Tapa is a broader concept applicable to both laypersons and ascetics, Parishaha specifically relates to the challenges encountered in monastic life. Jain texts enumerate 22 types of Parishaha.
   • Interrelation of Tapa, Parishaha, Vratas, and Gyan: The authors explain that Tapa, Parishaha, Vratas (vows), and Gyan (knowledge) are interconnected. True spiritual progress arises from the synergy of these elements.
   • Critique of Modern Tapa: Despite a rich tradition and widespread practice of Tapa and its associated festivals, the text criticizes the lack of actual spiritual benefit derived from it in modern times. The authors argue that the practice has become superficial, lacking the "key" to its effective application.
   • Modern Application: Tapa and Parishaha, though historically rooted in spiritual pursuits, have the potential for significant practical application in contemporary India, especially in national service. The resilience and endurance cultivated through these practices are seen as vital for facing national challenges. The author draws parallels with historical figures who endured hardships for their causes, suggesting that Jain ascetics, with their inherent capacity for endurance, are well-suited for national service.
   • The Need for Integration: The text calls for integrating the spiritual strength gained through Tapa and Parishaha with practical national goals, arguing that this integration is essential for the progress of both the individual and society.

6. Sadhu Sanstha and Tirth Sanstha (Monastic Institutions and Pilgrimage Sites):

   • Origin of Tirthas: Tirthas (pilgrimage sites) typically arise from places associated with spiritual figures, natural beauty, or significant architectural/artistic achievements, often funded by wealthy patrons. Jain Tirthas are notably situated on hills and mountains.
   • Modern State of Tirthas: The authors lament the current state of many Tirthas, where the focus has shifted from spiritual learning and intellectual discourse to idol worship and ritualistic practices. There's a perceived lack of centers for advanced learning or intellectual engagement that attract seekers.
   • Sadhu Sanstha's Role: The monastic order, originating with Lord Mahavir, plays a crucial role in Jainism. While the tradition has faced internal divisions (Shvetambara, Digambara) and periods of laxity, it has also produced great ascetics who have significantly influenced society by promoting virtues like Ahimsa and the abandonment of the seven deadly vices.
   • Challenges for Monastic Institutions: The text points out that modern monastic institutions are often detached from societal needs, becoming too comfortable and losing touch with the spirit of their calling. They are criticized for being inward-looking and failing to engage with contemporary issues, such as the rampant sale of alcohol and meat, which have increased due to the current political climate.
   • The Call to Action: The authors urge the monastic order to actively participate in social reforms, particularly in promoting abstinence from alcohol and addressing issues related to animal welfare and economic upliftment through Swadeshi. They suggest that genuine spirituality lies not in isolation but in contributing positively to the world. The monastic order has a responsibility to adapt and engage with the changing times to remain relevant and impactful.
   • Critique of Current Monastic Life: The text suggests that the monastic community has lost its way, becoming comfortable and stagnant, failing to address the societal needs that their predecessors actively engaged with. The authors argue that a return to the core principles of their tradition is necessary for the survival and progress of these institutions.

7. Jnana Sanstha and Sangha Sanstha (Knowledge Institutions and Community Institutions):

   • The Importance of Knowledge: Knowledge is revered throughout history, with Jainism placing particular emphasis on the pursuit of understanding. The lectures of Lord Mahavir and the subsequent development of scriptures, commentaries, and literature underscore this.
   • Evolution of Knowledge Transmission: From oral traditions, knowledge transmission evolved to written manuscripts (palm leaves) and eventually to printed books, making it more accessible.
   • Critique of Knowledge Institutions: The authors observe a disconnect between the vast repositories of Jain literature and the lack of scholars actively engaging with and expanding this knowledge. They criticize the ritualistic worship of books and libraries without corresponding intellectual engagement.
   • The Role of the Sangha: The Jain Sangha, comprising monks, nuns, laymen, and laywomen, is crucial for the propagation of Jainism. Historically, the Sangha has been guided by the principles of Ahimsa and Anekanta.
   • Challenges Facing the Sangha: The text identifies the fragmentation of the Sangha into various sects (Shvetambara, Digambara, Sthanakvasi) and internal divisions within these sects as a major impediment to progress. The reliance on outdated practices and the lack of effective leadership are also highlighted.
   • Need for Reform: The authors call for a revitalization of the Sangha, emphasizing the need for unity, adaptability, and a focus on the core principles of Ahimsa and Anekanta. They advocate for practical application of Jainism in national and social life, urging the Sangha to address contemporary issues and contribute to societal well-being.
   • Call for Modern Scholarship: The need for scholars who can research and interpret ancient texts in light of modern understanding and contemporary challenges is stressed. The authors suggest that the vast Jain literature holds immense potential for addressing societal and individual needs if properly studied and applied.

8. Jivan Shuddhi and Lord Mahavir (Life Purification and Lord Mahavir):

   • Lord Mahavir as an Ideal: Lord Mahavir is presented not just as a historical figure but as an embodiment of life purification, whose journey is relatable to every individual's struggles and aspirations.
   • The Meaning of Samvatsarik: The final day of Paryushan, Samvatsarik, is about reflecting on one's past actions, identifying impurities, and resolving to purify oneself, echoing Lord Mahavir's path.
   • Relatability of Mahavir's Life: The lectures encourage listeners to see their own life experiences reflected in Lord Mahavir's struggles with internal temptations and external adversities. His victory lies not in supernatural powers but in his unwavering commitment to his vows despite immense challenges.
   • The Core Message: The essence of Mahavir's life is to overcome internal weaknesses and external obstacles through self-effort and unwavering adherence to truth and vows. The authors emphasize that the true significance of Mahavir's life lies in this personal victory, which is attainable by all.
   • Critique of Idolization: The text cautions against merely admiring Mahavir's external life (miracles, divine interventions) without applying his internal lessons to one's own life. True emulation involves understanding and internalizing his path to overcome personal challenges.
   • The Path to Self-Realization: The lectures advocate for introspection and personal effort, rather than solely relying on external figures or rituals, to achieve spiritual growth and life purification.

9. Dharma and Rashtra (Religion and Nationhood):

   • The Interplay of Religion and Nation: The text explores the relationship between religious duty (Dharma) and national duty (Rashtra). It argues that these are not contradictory but complementary. True Dharma, like true Rashtra Dharma, is rooted in principles of truth, non-violence, and universal love.
   • The Concept of Swaraj: The pursuit of Swaraj (self-rule) is presented as a national duty rooted in the principles of Ahimsa and Satyagraha, aligning with Jain ideals.
   • Khadi as a Symbol of National Service: The promotion of Khadi is highlighted as a practical manifestation of national duty and compassion towards the poor, linking it directly to Jain principles of charity and service.
   • The Role of Ascetics: The authors suggest that ascetics, with their inherent qualities of self-control, renunciation, and endurance, are ideally positioned to lead national movements and inspire greater participation. They critique the current tendency of ascetics to remain detached from social and political issues.
   • Critique of Detachment: The text argues that true spirituality does not require complete detachment from society or national responsibilities. Instead, it involves engaging with the world constructively, transforming it through one's spiritual strength and ethical conduct.
   • Call for Active Engagement: The lectures advocate for a proactive engagement of Jain individuals and institutions in nation-building, emphasizing that spiritual development and national service are not mutually exclusive but can be mutually reinforcing.

10. Dharma and Panth (Religion and Sect):

    • Dharma as the Source: Dharma is the foundational essence, while Panth (sect or path) represents its various manifestations. The authors advocate for unity among different sects, recognizing their shared origin in Dharma.
    • The Problem of Division: The text laments that minor differences in practices and interpretations often lead to sectarian conflicts, overshadowing the core principles of Jainism. The examples of Shvetambara and Digambara differences over clothing and scripture interpretation are used to illustrate this point.
    • The Principle of Syadvada: The Jain principle of Syadvada (or Anekantavada – manifoldness of reality) is presented as the solution to sectarian strife, encouraging understanding, tolerance, and the recognition of multiple perspectives.
    • Focus on Core Principles: The lectures urge followers to focus on the commonalities in Jainism – the emphasis on right knowledge, right faith, and right conduct, the concept of karma, rebirth, and liberation – rather than getting caught up in minor differences.
    • The Importance of Self-Reliance and Experience: The authors advocate for personal introspection and direct experience over blind adherence to scriptures or the pronouncements of others. True understanding comes from testing teachings against one's own conscience and experience.
    • Critique of Modern Practices: The text subtly critiques certain practices that have become rigid and divisive, suggesting that a more integrated and harmonious approach is needed to ensure the continued relevance and vitality of Jainism.

11. Shastra Maryada (Jurisdiction/Boundaries of Scriptures):

    • Defining Shastra: Shastra is defined as knowledge that provides information and experience, emphasizing that its true value lies in its accuracy and usefulness.
    • The Evolving Nature of Truth: The authors acknowledge that no single scripture holds absolute, unchanging truth. Truth is revealed progressively through time and in diverse forms.
    • Critique of Dogmatism: The text criticizes the tendency to rigidly adhere to specific scriptures or traditions, leading to sectarian conflicts and an inability to integrate new understandings.
    • The Importance of Critical Inquiry: The authors encourage a critical and discerning approach to scriptures, urging readers to evaluate them based on their truthfulness and relevance to personal development, rather than on tradition or popular opinion alone.
    • The Role of Great Thinkers: They highlight that great thinkers and spiritual leaders throughout history have built upon the foundations laid by their predecessors, emphasizing the continuous evolution of knowledge.
    • Modern Relevance of Jain Scriptures: The text poses critical questions about the relevance of ancient Jain texts to contemporary social, political, and spiritual challenges, urging the community to find practical applications and adapt their understanding without compromising core principles. The need for modern interpretations and the creation of new scholarship is implicitly suggested.

12. Khari Adhyatmikta (True Spirituality):

    • The Need for Dharma: The lectures underscore the essential role of Dharma in human life for moral upliftment, fostering universal brotherhood, developing compassion, and providing strength in adversity.
    • Critique of Superficial Religion: The authors criticize religious practices that are devoid of genuine spiritual depth, focusing on external rituals or sectarian divisions while neglecting core ethical principles.
    • The Essence of True Spirituality: True spirituality is not confined to rituals or isolated practices but permeates all aspects of life. It is about cultivating inner virtues like equanimity, compassion, self-control, and a deep understanding of the interconnectedness of all life.
    • The Role of Right Faith and Conduct: The text emphasizes the importance of integrating right knowledge, right faith (Darshan), and right conduct (Charitra) for spiritual progress.
    • Holistic Approach: The authors advocate for a balanced approach that integrates spiritual aspirations with worldly responsibilities and societal engagement. True spirituality, they suggest, enhances one's ability to contribute positively to the world.
    • The Need for Adaptation: The lectures conclude with a call for religious institutions to adapt and reform to meet contemporary needs, warning that stagnation will lead to irrelevance and eventual decline.

13. Dharma and Panth (Religion and Sect - Revisited):

    • Harmony in Diversity: This lecture reiterates the idea that different sects are like branches of the same tree (Dharma). Differences in practices are natural, but unity in core principles should be preserved. The concept of Syadvada is highlighted as a tool for achieving harmony.
    • Jain Sects: The text discusses the major Jain sects (Digambara, Shvetambara, Sthanakavasi) and their points of convergence and divergence, advocating for mutual respect and understanding.
    • The Unity in Lord Mahavir: Despite sectarian differences, all Jain followers revere Lord Mahavir as their spiritual father, highlighting a fundamental unity.
    • The Importance of True Dharma: The emphasis is on the spirit of Dharma over rigid adherence to sectarian rules. True Dharma is about inner transformation and universal love, not about external distinctions or conflicts.

14. Diksha (Initiation):

    • Types of Diksha: The lectures explain that Diksha is not limited to religious initiation but encompasses various forms like academic, martial, royal, marital, and ritualistic.
    • Religious Diksha: The core of religious initiation is life purification, a process without a fixed timeframe. The text contrasts the different approaches to Diksha in Brahmanism (later stages of life), Buddhism (flexible, often for a limited period), and Jainism (lifetime commitment, often from a young age).
    • Critique of Modern Jain Diksha: The authors express concern over the practice of initiating very young children and the subsequent challenges faced by those who leave the monastic order. They advocate for a more mature and consensual approach to initiation, with greater emphasis on the supportive environment necessary for upholding vows.
    • The Importance of Environment: The success of Diksha is heavily dependent on the surrounding environment, which should foster spiritual growth, knowledge, and detachment. The contrast between the spiritual atmosphere of Lord Mahavir's time and the current perceived worldly distractions within monastic life is highlighted.
    • The Need for Reform: The lectures call for a re-evaluation of current Diksha practices, urging a focus on creating a conducive environment and ensuring the maturity of initiates.

15. Samvatsarik Kshamaapana (Annual Forgiveness):

    • The Essence of Forgiveness: This lecture focuses on the significance of forgiveness, both asking for it and granting it, as a central practice during Paryushan.
    • Pratikramana: The practice of Pratikramana (introspection and repentance) is explained as a daily, monthly, or yearly process of reviewing one's actions, words, and thoughts to identify and rectify mistakes.
    • The Importance of Timeliness: The text stresses the need for immediate rectification of errors, drawing parallels with the Brahmanical practice of re-wearing the sacred thread after its breakage.
    • The Meaning of "Michchhami Dukhadam": The phrase is explained as a Sanskrit expression meaning "May my wrongdoing be in vain," signifying the dissolution of negative karmic impressions.
    • The Role of Tapa: Tapa (asceticism) is presented as a means for sensory control, physical health, and mental clarity, aiding in self-reflection and concentration.
    • Learning from Great Lives: The importance of learning from the lives of great souls like Lord Mahavir is emphasized, not just for their miraculous feats but for their inner strength and unwavering commitment to their principles, which serves as a source of inspiration for personal growth.

Overall Contribution: "Paryushan Parvana Vyakhyano" serves as a significant document reflecting a period of intellectual and spiritual transition within the Jain community. The authors' willingness to critically examine and propose reforms to traditional practices, while staying true to the core tenets of Jainism, makes this book a valuable resource for understanding the evolution of Jain thought and practice. It underscores the enduring relevance of Jain principles in addressing both individual spiritual development and societal well-being.