Parv Tithi Prakash

This Jain text, "Parv Tithi Prakash" (Book Title) authored by Jambuvijay Gani and published by Shah Khubchand Panachand, is a critical commentary and translation of the Sanskrit work "Shri Tattvataringini" by Mahopadhyaya Shri Dharmasagar Gani. The book primarily focuses on the correct observance of Jain festival dates (Parva Tithi) and aims to resolve the confusions surrounding the determination of these dates, particularly concerning the waxing and waning of lunar days (Kshaya and Vruddhi of Tithi).

Here's a comprehensive summary of the key themes and arguments presented in the text, based on the provided pages:

I. Introduction and Purpose:

• Resolving Confusion: The primary motivation for writing this book, as stated by the author Upadhyay Shri Jambuvijay, is to address the confusion and disputes arising in society regarding the proper day for observing festival dates. The author aims to provide clarity based on Jain scriptural traditions.
• Critique of Misinterpretations: The book aims to correct those who hold rigid or incorrect views on tithi observance, often misinterpreting scriptural texts or relying on faulty traditions.
• Translating and Commenting: The book is a critical translation and commentary on Shri Tattvataringini, a work that sheds original light on the topic of tithi observance. The author is confident that even a single reading will provide accurate knowledge of Jain scriptural limits regarding tithis to all age groups.

II. Core Scriptural Principles and Arguments:

• Udaya Tithi (Rising Tithi) is Primary: The foundational principle argued is that the tithi that is present at sunrise (Udaya Tithi) is generally the one to be observed. This is supported by the saying: "The tithi that is present at the time of pratikraman or pachaakhan in the morning should be considered as the standard, as the daily affairs in the world are also conducted according to sunrise."
• Arajya Tithi (Non-existent Tithi) is Not Observant: The book argues against observing a tithi that is not present at sunrise, even if it exists at other times.
• Importance of Purna (Full Moon) and Amavasya: The text discusses the proper observance of Udaya Tithi during full moon and new moon periods, emphasizing that the tithi present at sunrise is the authoritative one.
• Understanding Kshaya (Waning) and Vruddhi (Waxing) of Tithis:
  • Kshaya (Waning): If a tithi is shortened and does not coincide with sunrise, its observance is generally transferred to the preceding tithi (Purva Tithi).
  • Vruddhi (Waxing): If a tithi is extended and overlaps with the next day's sunrise, the observance is shifted to the subsequent tithi (Uttara Tithi), provided it is the appropriate sunrise tithi for the festival.
• Distinction between Festivals and Daily Observances: The text differentiates between festival tithis (Parva Tithi) which have specific rules for observance based on tithi presence at sunrise, and other daily observances.
• Critique of Traditional Practices and Misinterpretations:
  • The "Purva Tithi" Misconception: The book refutes the idea that in case of tithi reduction (Kshaya), the tithi of the previous day (Purva Tithi) should always be observed. The correct approach depends on the specific festival and scriptural injunctions.
  • The "Vruddhi" Misconception: Similarly, it clarifies the rules for tithi increase (Vruddhi), arguing against arbitrary shifting of observances.
  • The "Two Tithis on One Day" Principle: The text explains that when two tithis occur on the same day, the one present at sunrise is generally considered primary, and the observance is typically aligned with it, with specific rules for festivals.
  • Chaudas and Punam (14th and Full Moon): A significant portion of the text is dedicated to clarifying the observance of these specific tithis, especially when they are combined or reduced. The argument is made that Chaudas is an established festival tithi, and its observance should not be arbitrarily transferred to Punam, even if Punam is more potent or appears later.
  • The "Bhitiya Panchanga" (Wall Calendars): The author points out the potential for confusion with simplified wall calendars that might not accurately reflect the scriptural nuances of tithi observance, especially in cases of Kshaya and Vruddhi.
  • The Teachings of Acarya Umaswati: The book references the teachings of Acarya Umaswati, a respected Jain scholar, on tithi observance, particularly regarding Kshaya.
  • The Role of Tradition (Parampara): While acknowledging the importance of tradition, the author emphasizes that it must be aligned with scriptural truth (Agam). Traditions that contradict the scriptures are to be rejected.
  • Misuse of "Alochana" and "Tapas": The text addresses the misuse of concepts like Alochana (confession) and Tapas (austerities) in relation to incorrect tithi observance.
  • Critique of "Gachhadhipati" (Head of a Sect) Opinions: The book subtly critiques interpretations or practices that might deviate from scriptural principles, even if they are held by prominent figures.
  • The "Adhik Mas" (Intercalary Month): The text discusses the concept of an extra month in the lunar calendar and its implications for festival observance, arguing that it is generally disregarded for specific major festivals.
  • The Example of Shri Kaliksurisvarji: The text highlights the rulings and practices of Shri Kaliksurisvarji, a significant figure in Jainism, as evidence for correct tithi observance, particularly regarding the observance of Chaturdashi (14th tithi) for festivals like Chaturmasik and Samvatsari.
  • The Importance of "Abhinnava" (Uninterrupted) Tradition: The author stresses that traditions must be unbroken and consistent with scriptural teachings.
  • The Author's Stance: The author presents himself as a humble translator and commentator, aiming to present the scriptural truth without adding his own opinions.

III. Specific Examples and Rebuttals:

• Eightam (8th Tithi) and Chaudas: The text details the scriptural basis for observing these tithis, including the implications of not doing so (prayshchitta).
• Punama vs. Chaudas: The author strongly argues against observing Chaudas festivals on Punama, even if Chaudas is reduced (Kshaya). The correct observance is argued to be on the tithi present at sunrise, and for festivals related to Chaudas, the tithi that is still present at sunrise on the day of the festival is paramount.
• The "Bhagvan's Ajna" (Lord Mahavir's Command): The text frequently refers to the commands of Lord Mahavir and other Tirthankaras to establish the correctness of its arguments.
• The "Bhitiya Panchanga" Issue: The author points out that simplified calendars can be misleading and that one should rely on scriptural principles.

IV. Conclusion:

• Adherence to Scripture: The ultimate authority is the scriptural word (Agam).
• Rational Interpretation: While acknowledging traditions, the book advocates for a rational interpretation that aligns with the original scriptures.
• Clarity and Guidance: The book aims to be a definitive guide for Jains seeking to observe their religious dates with accuracy and devotion.

In essence, "Parv Tithi Prakash" is a scholarly work that delves into the intricacies of Jain calendrical practices. It champions the principle of observing the tithi present at sunrise as the primary rule, critically examines various interpretations and traditions, and provides scriptural backing for its arguments to ensure the correct observance of Jain festival dates. The author's dedication is to uphold the sanctity of Jain scriptures and to provide clear guidance to the Jain community.