Paniniya Aur Shakatayan Vyakaran Tulnatmaka Adhyayan

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Paniniya aur Shakatayan Vyakaran Tulnatmaka Adhyayan" by Vagish Shastri, focusing on the comparative study of Panini's and Shakatayana's grammars:

The book, Paniniya aur Shakatayan Vyakaran Tulnatmaka Adhyayan by Vagish Shastri, presents a comparative analysis of the grammatical traditions of Panini and Shakatayana. It highlights the historical context and the unique contributions of each.

Panini's Grammar (Ashtadhyayi):

• Panini's Ashtadhyayi gained prominence due to its concise style and completeness. Previous grammars, like Aindra, were too extensive for students with limited intellect to memorize. Some grammars only addressed specific sections, lacking comprehensiveness.
• In the 5th century BCE, Panini studied earlier grammatical works and created a brief, complete, and doubt-free grammar in 3,779 sutras. His "khila-pathas" (supplementary texts) included the Dhatupatha, Ganapatha, Unadi, Namalinganusasana, and Shiksha, though the currently available Unadi is not Panini's.
• Panini did not define grammatical concepts like tenses (past, future, present) as they were commonly understood. He also considered the concept of gender (linga) to be based on usage and thus not necessary to codify, making the Linganusasana attributed to him debatable.
• Despite its precision, Panini's Ashtadhyayi alone was insufficient to explain all rules of Sanskrit grammar. Katyayana had to write Varttikas (commentaries) on Panini's sutras to cover the omitted rules. When Varttikas alone did not prove sufficient for widespread utility, Patanjali wrote the Mahabhashya (Great Commentary).
• Panini's intention for brevity was to enable learners to grasp Sanskrit grammar quickly. However, the "Trimuni Vyakarana" (grammar of the three sages – Panini, Katyayana, Patanjali) became so vast that it took twelve years to study, despite being merely a tool for entering the vast Sanskrit literature.

Jain Grammatical Contributions and Shakatayana's Grammar:

• After Chandragomi, the Jain tradition turned its attention to grammar. Pujyapada Jainendra, in the 6th century, composed Jainendra Vyakarana based on the Trimuni tradition. While it preserved elements from pre-Paninian grammars, the influence of Panini's grammar is evident.
• Jainendra Vyakarana did not fully achieve its goal of simplifying Sanskrit learning. Scholars still sought a grammar that taught Sanskrit through a simpler process. Although Sharvavarman's Katantra, written in the 1st century, introduced a procedural method, it did not meet the standards of the Trimuni tradition and thus didn't gain widespread dominance.
• About three hundred years later, the Shvetambara Jain scholar Mahashraman-Sanghadhipati Palyakirti Shakatayana composed the Shakatayana Vyakarana. He aimed to address the shortcomings of earlier secular grammars and make his grammar comprehensive. His goal was to explain the rules of classical Sanskrit with brevity, simplicity, and completeness.

Shakatayana's Innovations for Simplicity and Completeness:

Shakatayana significantly simplified Panini's grammar by consolidating multiple sutras into fewer ones, and in some cases, breaking down complex Paninian sutras into simpler ones.

Consolidation of Panini's Sutras in Shakatayana's Grammar:

Shakatayana combined Panini's sutras in various ways:

1. Two Panini Sutras into One Shakatayana Sutra: Examples include consolidating rules related to respect and contempt for younger and older persons, and compound indeclinables.
2. Two Panini Sutras into Two Combined Shakatayana Sutras: This involves merging related concepts into two slightly modified sutras.
3. Three Panini Sutras into One Shakatayana Sutra: Examples include simplifying rules for forming words related to mind and address.
4. Three Panini Sutras into Two Shakatayana Sutras: This involves a more nuanced combination.
5. Four Panini Sutras into One Shakatayana Sutra: A significant consolidation for several suffix rules.
6. Five Panini Sutras into One Shakatayana Sutra: Demonstrates considerable brevity in combining temporal adverbs.
7. Six Panini Sutras into One Shakatayana Sutra: Illustrates a comprehensive consolidation of rules related to nominal compounds.
8. Eight Panini Sutras into One Shakatayana Sutra: A remarkable condensation of various suffix rules.
9. Nine Panini Sutras into One Shakatayana Sutra: Shows extensive consolidation of suffixes for abstract nouns and adjectives.

Decomposition of Panini's Sutras in Shakatayana's Grammar:

Conversely, Shakatayana also broke down Panini's longer sutras into smaller, more manageable ones:

1. One Panini Sutra into Two Shakatayana Sutras: Examples include the rule for the suffix '-tacch' after words like "raja" and "sakhi," and rules for suffixes related to "prajna" and "medha."
2. One Panini Sutra into Three Shakatayana Sutras: This involves a finer division of rules, for example, in the context of compound words.
3. One Panini Sutra into Four Shakatayana Sutras: Demonstrates a detailed breakdown of a complex rule.
4. Two Panini Sutras into Five Shakatayana Sutras: Further illustrates the method of simplifying complex rules through division.

Other Significant Contributions of Shakatayana:

• Shakatayana's work extensively incorporated Varttikas, eliminating the need for separate study. Approximately 300 of his sutras are dedicated to rules found in Varttikas.
• Around 1500 sutras in Shakatayana's grammar are concise versions of Panini's sutras, without altering the subject matter.
• Shakatayana demonstrated profound knowledge of Patanjali's Mahabhashya, incorporating its "ishtis" (philosophical discussions) and various "vachanas" (statements), approximately thirty-five of which are systematically included in his sutras.
• He also integrated "Ganasutras" (rules related to word-groups) from Panini's grammar into his own sutras.
• Similar to how Kashikakara created the Kashikavritti by studying contemporary commentaries, Palyakirti integrated about forty important statements from the Kashikavritti into his sutras.
• Shakatayana's Dhatupatha is also noteworthy. In the Kṛdanta (past participle) section, his grammar shows the derivation of words not found in Panini's derivations (e.g., 'khal', 'bhaga' in the sutra 'gocharasanchara').
• Remarkably, Shakatayana condensed this extensive material into just 3,236 sutras. Yakshavarma rightly states, "What is not here, is nowhere."
• The grammar is designed for memorization, suggesting that learning the entire grammar is possible within a year with the daily memorization of nine sutras.
• The author emphasizes that grammar is formed by the interplay of both "lakshya" (examples of usage) and "lakshana" (rules).
• Shakatayana's work reflects the significant changes in Sanskrit language during his time, influenced by Buddhist and Jain literature and the evolving spoken language of the educated community.
• Shakatayana's grammar has significantly contributed to the study of Sanskrit and inspired later grammarians. Hemachandra even adopted several of Shakatayana's sutras verbatim in his own grammar.
• Shakatayana is credited with laying the foundation for the procedural method (prakriya-paddhati) in sutra-based grammars. Although organized by chapters, the arrangement within chapters is thematic. The placement of Samasanta sutras after the rules for Tatpurusha Samasa is followed by grammarians like Ramachandra (Prakriya Kaumudi) and Bhattoji Dikshita (Siddhanta Kaumudi).
• The lack of widespread popularity for Shakatayana's highly useful grammar is attributed to its lack of a philosophical foundation, which would have required a philosopher like Bhartrihari.

In essence, the book argues that Shakatayana's grammar, while deeply influenced by Panini, stands as a monumental achievement in its own right, offering a more accessible and comprehensive approach to Sanskrit grammar by consolidating, simplifying, and integrating earlier traditions and commentaries.