Paniniya Ashtadhyayi Pravachanam Part 05 - Book Summary

This comprehensive summary is based on the provided text, which appears to be Volume 5 of the "Paniniya Ashtadhyayi Pravachanam" by Sudarshanacharya, published by Bramharshi Swami Virjanand Arsh Dharmarth Nyas. The text focuses on the sixth chapter (Shashthadhyaya) of Panini's Ashtadhyayi, covering aspects of Sanskrit grammar.

Here's a breakdown of the summary, focusing on the grammatical concepts explained in the provided pages:

Book Information:

Title: Paniniya Ashtadhyayi Pravachanam Part 05
Author: Sudarshanacharya
Publisher: Bramharshi Swami Virjanand Arsh Dharmarth Nyas, Gurukul Jhajjar, District Jhajjar (Haryana)
Focus: The provided pages detail the sixth chapter of Panini's Ashtadhyayi.

Key Grammatical Concepts Explained (Focusing on the Sixth Chapter):

The bulk of the provided text is dedicated to explaining the rules of Panini's Ashtadhyayi concerning Samprasaranam (सम्प्रसारणम्), Dvivachanam (द्विवचनम् - Reduplication), Aadesh (आदेश - Substitution), Aagama (आगम - Augmentation), and Swara (स्वर - Accentuation). The author also elaborates on the significance of correct pronunciation and accentuation, referencing Maharshi Dayanand and ancient texts like the Mahabhashya and Yajnavalkya Shiksha.

Detailed Summary of Concepts:

Importance of Swaras (उदात्तादि स्वरों का महत्त्व):
- The text begins by emphasizing the critical role of correct pronunciation and accents (like Udātta, Anudātta, Svarita) in determining the meaning of words.
- Incorrect pronunciation can change the intended meaning and even lead to detrimental consequences, as illustrated by the example of "Indraśatruḥ" (इन्द्रशत्रुः).
- Proper knowledge of swaras helps in quickly understanding the intended meaning of both Vedic and Laukika (mundane) words.
- It also highlights the connection between musical scales (Shadja, Rishabha, etc.) and Vedic chanting, stating that these musical notes are derived from the correct pronunciation of Udātta, Anudātta, and Svarita.
Types of Swaras (उदात्त आदि स्वरों का ज्ञान):
- Seven Swaras: Citing Patanjali's Mahabhashya, the text lists seven types of swaras: Udātta (उदात्त), Udāttatara (उदात्ततर), Anudātta (अनुदात्त), Anudāttatara (अनुदात्ततर), Svarita (स्वरित), Svarita with distinguished Udātta (स्वरिते य उदात्त: सोऽन्येन विशिष्टः), and Ekashruti (एकश्रुति).
- Udātta and Anudātta (उदात्त और अनुदात्त का लक्षण):
  - The rules are explained not merely by high or low pitch but by the samanaprakrama (समानप्रक्रम), which refers to the specific part of the vocal tract (chest, throat, head) used for pronunciation.
  - Udātta is produced from the higher part of the organ of speech (like the throat), and Anudātta from the lower part.
  - The text details the phonetic processes associated with these:
    - Udātta (उच्चैःकराणि): Ayāma (आयाम - tightening of organs), Dāruṇyatā (दारुण्यता - harshness of voice), Aṇutā (अणुता - closure of the throat).
    - Anudātta (नीचैःकराणि): Anvasarga (अन्ववसर्ग - relaxation of organs), Mārdava (मार्दव - softness of voice), Urutā (उरुता - openness of the throat).
- Svarita (स्वरित का लक्षण): Svarita is described as a combination of Udātta and Anudātta. Panini specifies that the beginning of a Svarita sound has a half-mātrā of Udātta, and the remaining part is Anudātta.
- Udātta within Svarita (स्वरितवर्ती उदात्त): The Udātta portion within a Svarita is distinct from a standalone Udātta.
- Eight Types of Svarita: The text mentions eight types of Svarita as described in texts like Yajnavalkya Shiksha: Jātya (जात्य), Abhinhihita (अभिनिहित), Kṣepra (क्षेप्र), Praśliṣṭa (प्रश्लिष्ट), Tairovyañjana (तैरोव्यञ्जन), Tairovirāma (तैरोविराम), Pādavṛtta (पादवृत्त), and Tāthābhāvya (ताथाभाव्य). Brief explanations for some of these are provided.
- Ekashruti (एकश्रुति): This is the seventh swara, which is neither strictly Udātta nor Anudātta, but falls in between. The text explains why it's considered a separate swara based on Pāṇini's sutras.
Signs for Swaras (उदात्त आदि स्वरों के चिह्न):
- Different Vedas use different markings:
  - Rigveda, Yajurveda, and Atharvaveda: Anudātta is marked with an underline, and Svarita with an overline. There's no special mark for Udātta.
  - Samaveda: Uses numbers 1, 2, and 3 for Udātta, Anudātta, and Svarita respectively.
Rules for Swara Notation (स्वराङ्कन-विधि):
- The rule "Anudāttaṁ padamekavarjam" (अनुदात्तं पदमेकवर्जम् - All words are Anudātta except one) is introduced. This means that in a sentence or phrase, usually only one word or one vowel in a word receives the Udātta or Svarita accent; the rest are Anudātta.
- The text explains the purpose of this rule as preventing multiple accents within a single word, simplifying the system of indicating accents.
The Seven Swaras of Gandharva Veda (षड्ज आदि सात स्वर):
- The text connects the seven musical notes (Svaras) of Gandharva Veda (Sāma Veda tradition) – Shadja, Rishabha, Gandhara, Madhyama, Panchama, Dhaivata, Nishāda – with animal sounds (like the peacock, cow, goat, etc.).
- It then explains how these seven musical notes are encompassed within the three Vedic swaras: Udātta, Anudātta, and Svarita.
  - Nishāda and Gandhara are associated with Udātta.
  - Rishabha and Dhaivata are associated with Anudātta.
  - Shadja, Madhyama, and Panchama are associated with Svarita.
Specific Chapters/Sections Covered (Based on the List of Contents - Page 12 onwards):
- Shashthadhyaya, First Pada (षष्ठाध्यायस्य प्रथमः पादः):
  - Dvivachana Prakaraṇam (द्विवचनप्रकरणम् - Reduplication): Rules for duplicating parts of roots, including the conditions for duplication (e.g., for Ekāch - roots with one vowel, Dvitiya of Ajādi roots), exceptions (e.g., for N-dra: sounds), and the definition of "Abhyāsa" (अभ्यास-संज्ञा - the duplicated part).
  - Samprasaranam Prakaraṇam (सम्प्रसारणप्रकरणम् - Vowel change): Rules related to the Vṛddhi vowel change, especially in relation to roots starting with 'ṣ' (ष्यङ्), and the conditions for Samprasaranam when followed by 'ki' (कि) or 'ḍi' (ड) affixes. Rules also cover Samprasaranam in Abhyāsa, Chañg, and Yaḍ.
  - Aadesh Prakaraṇam (आदेश-प्रकरणम् - Substitution): Rules for various substitutions like Śīrṣan- (शीर्षन्-), S- (स-), N- (न-), and Lopa- (लोप - elision).
  - Tuk-Aagama Prakaraṇam (तुक्-आगमविधिः): Rules for the augmentation of 't'.
  - Saṁhitā (Sandhi) Prakaraṇam (संहिता (सन्धि) प्रकरणम्): General rules of sandhi, including the authority (adhikāra) of the sandhi section, and specific rules like Tuck (तुक्), Yaṇ (यण), Ayādi (अयादि), Vānta (वान्त), etc.
- Shashthadhyaya, Second Pada (षष्ठाध्यायस्य द्वितीयः पादः):
  - Pūrvapada Prakṛt svar Prakaraṇam (पूर्वपदप्रकृतिस्वरप्रकरणम् - Primary stress of the first pada): Rules governing the accent of the first pada (word) in various compound formations (Bahuvrīhi, Tatpuruṣa). This includes rules about when the original accent of the first pada is retained (Prakṛti-svara).
  - Pūrvapadādhyudātta Prakaraṇam (पूर्वपदाद्युदात्तप्रकरणम् - Primary stress of the first pada): Specific rules for retaining the primary accent of the first pada in compounds with specific second pada components.
  - Pūrvapadāntodātta Prakaraṇam (पूर्वपदान्तोदात्तप्रकरणम् - Final stress of the first pada): Rules where the final vowel of the first pada receives the accent.
- Shashthadhyaya, Third Pada (षष्ठाध्यायस्य तृतीयः पादः):
  - Vibhakti-Aluk Prakaraṇam (विभक्ति-अलुकप्रकरणम् - Non-elision of case endings): This section details instances where case endings (Vibhakti) that are normally elided remain intact, often for specific meanings or in particular contexts (like Vedic language or for distinguishing meanings). This includes rules for non-elision of Panchami, Tritiya, Saptami, and in specific instances.
  - Aadesh Prakaraṇam (आदेश-प्रकरणम् - Substitution): This covers various phonetic changes and substitutions that occur in word formation, such as Ānang (आनङ्), Īd (ईद्), Id (इद्), Dyāvā (द्यावा), Divas- (दिवस्), Uṣāsā (उषासा), and Nipatana (निपातन - Irregular formations).
  - Strīyaḥ Puṁvadbhāva Prakaraṇam (स्त्रियाः पुंवद्भावप्रकरणम् - Masculinization of feminine words): Rules where feminine words or their components take a masculine form, often with exceptions.
  - Hrasva Prakaraṇam (हस्व-प्रकरणम् - Shortening): Rules related to vowel shortening.
- Shashthadhyaya, Fourth Pada (षष्ठाध्यायस्य चतुर्थः पादः):
  - Angga Saṁjñā Adhikāra (अङ्गसंज्ञा अधिकार - Section on Angga): This section likely deals with the concept of "Angga" in Sanskrit grammar, which refers to the stem or root to which suffixes and prefixes are attached.
  - Dīrgha Prakaraṇam (दीर्घ-प्रकरणम् - Elongation): Rules governing the lengthening of vowels in Sanskrit, often in sandhi or when specific suffixes are added.
  - Aagama Prakaraṇam (आगमप्रकरणम् - Augmentation): Rules for the insertion of letters or sounds (like At, Āṭ, Nuṭ, Tuṭ) at the beginning of words or within them.
  - Asiddhavat Prakaraṇam (असिद्धवत्-प्रकरणम् - Non-application of rules): This section deals with cases where certain grammatical operations are considered "asidha" (असिद्ध - not applicable or ineffective) in the context of subsequent operations, affecting the application of other rules.

Overall Approach:

The author, Sudarshanacharya, provides a detailed explanation in simple Sanskrit, accompanied by an explanation in 'Aryabhasha' (Hindi). The text meticulously breaks down each sutra, explaining its meaning, providing illustrative examples, and detailing the grammatical process (Siddhi - सिद्धि) of how words are formed according to those rules. The author frequently refers back to Pāṇini's sutras and the authoritative commentary of Patañjali's Mahabhashya to support the explanations.

The emphasis on pronunciation, swaras, and the detailed breakdown of complex grammatical transformations indicates the author's commitment to providing a thorough and accessible understanding of Panini's intricate grammatical system.