Panchkappabhasam

Here is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Panchkappabhasam" by Labhsagar, based on the provided pages:

Panchkappabhasam (पञ्चकल्पभाष्यम्) by Sanghdas Ganiviraachitam, compiled by Muniraj Labhsagar

This document appears to be a preface, introduction, and partial rendition of a significant Jain text, likely a commentary or elaboration on the Brihat Kalpa Sutra, focusing on the conduct and rules for ascetics (monks and nuns). The compiler, Muniraj Labhsagar, working under the guidance of Acharya Manikysagar Surishwarji, presents this as the 52nd jewel in the Agamoddharak Granthamala series, published in Vikram Samvat 2028 (1971 CE).

Key Themes and Content:

1. Purpose and Significance of Jainism:

   • The introduction on page 4 emphasizes that while Jains are a minority in India and globally, they are distinguished by their profound philosophical insights, highest ideals, rigorous practices, and superior culture.
   • This heritage is presented as a means to liberate the world from material indulgence and suffering, leading to eternal peace through spirituality.
   • The power of this heritage stems from the teachings of the Tirthankaras, who were omniscient (Sarvajna) and presented truths without personal bias.

2. Omniscience and the Path to Liberation:

   • Pages 4 and 5 discuss the Jain concept of omniscience (Sarvajnatva) and how any soul can achieve it through rigorous spiritual practice.
   • This involves shedding ancient karmas by renouncing passions like desire, anger, pride, greed, and delusion.
   • The path involves stages like progressive renunciation (Desavirati, Sarvavirati), leading to the shedding of the four types of karmas (Ghati Karma) and ultimately achieving Keval Gyan (omniscience).
   • Sarvavirati (complete renunciation) is highlighted as crucial for initiating intense spiritual practice.

3. The Role of Scriptures and Charana Kananuga:

   • Pages 5 and 6 explain that Jain philosophy has numerous scriptures to guide ascetics.
   • Among the four classifications of scriptures (Anuyoga), the Charana Kananuga (conduct and discipline) is considered the most important.
   • Chhedasutras (texts dealing with breaches of conduct and their expiations) are particularly relevant for monastic life.
   • The Brihat Kalpa Sutram is mentioned as a significant Chhedasutra.

4. The Pancha Kalpa Bhashya:

   • Pages 5 and 6 introduce the text itself, explaining that "Panchkappabhasam" (or "Panchkalpa Bhashyam") is a commentary or Bhashya on "Dravya Kalpa," which is itself based on the "Brihat Kalpa Sutra."
   • The text is noted to exist in two forms: "Laghu Panchkappabhasam" and "Brihat Panchkappabhasam."
   • The "Laghu" version is considered a condensed part of the "Brihat" commentary, with its 184 verses largely incorporated into the larger work.
   • The "Brihat" commentary is substantial, estimated to be around 2674 verses (Gathas) and 3928 Shlokas.
   • The author of the Bhashya is identified as Sanghdas Gani. The exact dating and identity of Sanghdas Gani are discussed, with a possibility of him being contemporary with Jinadas Gani Mahattar, a commentator on Nishihta Sutra.

5. Subject Matter of the Bhashya (Pages 6 onwards and detailed in the "Vishayanukram" - Table of Contents):

   • The core subject is the life and discipline of Jain ascetics (munis). This is described as a path of difficult spiritual practice, marked by the struggle against ingrained worldly desires and the constant threats of obstacles and temptations.
   • The text guides those who accept the monastic vows to adhere to their prescribed conduct (Kalpa and Achara), understanding the principles of Universal Application (Utsarga) and Exceptions (Apavada).
   • The Bhashya covers a vast range of topics related to monastic life, including:
     • Respect for the tradition: Salutations to Bhadrabahu Swami, the last Shrutakevali.
     • Types of ascetics and their conduct: Detailed explanations of various stages of ascetic life, including Pulaka, Kashay, Kushila, Krodha-Kushila, Sinay, Jinakalpa, Sthavira Kalpa, etc.
     • Prohibited individuals for initiation: Age limits (child, old), physical and mental incapacities, sinful tendencies, and other criteria for unsuitability for monastic life.
     • Types of Pravrajya (initiation): Explanations of various forms of initiation based on motivations like desire, anger, etc.
     • The meaning and applications of "Kalpa": The word "Kalpa" itself is explored with multiple meanings related to rules, scriptures, suitability, and tradition.
     • Daily conduct and practices: Rules regarding food, clothing (Upadhi), sleep, hygiene, rituals (Kritikarma), and purification.
     • Dietary rules: Specifics on permissible and impermissible foods, their preparation, and consumption.
     • Vows and their observance: Detailed discussions on various vows, their transgressions, and expiations (Prayschitta).
     • Monastic travel (Vihara): Rules for travel, suitable regions, and avoiding unsuitable places.
     • Time-related rules (Kalpa): Rules concerning seasons, festivals (Paryushana), periods of retreat (Vṛddhavāsa), and specific practices within timeframes.
     • Knowledge and scripture study: Guidance on understanding and teaching scriptures, the qualities of a good teacher.
     • Types of conduct: Different categories of Charitra, including those related to Jinakalpa and Sthavirakalpa.
     • Various classifications of Kalpas: The text systematically enumerates and explains numerous types of Kalpas (e.g., Dravya Kalpa, Kshetra Kalpa, Kalpa, Prakalpa, Namakalpa, Sthapakakalpa, etc.) and their sub-categories, often numbering in the dozens (e.g., 20, 42 types).
     • Mistakes and expiations: Extensive discussions on various types of transgressions (dosha) and the necessary penances and corrections.
     • Specific prohibitions: Detailed rules regarding what is permissible and impermissible for monks and nuns.
     • The importance of pure intention and practice.

6. Structure and Examples:

   • The text is structured with verses (Gathas) and often includes explanations or elaborations within the Bhashya.
   • Numerous examples and illustrative stories are used to clarify the rules and principles.
   • The table of contents (Vishayanukram) on pages 17-18 provides a detailed outline of the vast subject matter covered.

Compilation and Publication:

• The work was undertaken with the blessings of Acharya Manikysagar Surishwarji.
• Researches utilized manuscripts from Jain libraries and relied on the expertise of scholars like Muni Labhsagar.
• The publication is by Agamoddharak Granthamala, with financial support from various Jain individuals and organizations.

Overall:

"Panchkappabhasam" is a detailed and comprehensive manual for Jain ascetics, deeply rooted in the Sachedasutra tradition. It meticulously outlines the rules, regulations, and philosophical underpinnings of monastic life, providing guidance on conduct, discipline, and the path towards spiritual liberation. The text emphasizes the importance of purity of intention, rigorous practice, and adherence to the teachings of the Tirthankaras to achieve the ultimate goal of spiritual elevation.