Nyayasamucchaya

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Nyayasamucchaya" by Lavanyasuri, based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Nyayasamucchaya (also referred to as Nyayarthasindhu Tarangasahitah in the introduction) Author: Lavanyasuri Publisher: Shri Vijaylavanyasurishwar Gyanmandir, Botad Catalog Link: https://jainqq.org/explore/008446/1

Overall Scope: The provided text is the introductory and preliminary section of the "Nyayasamucchaya," a commentary or elaboration on the principles of Jain grammar, likely focusing on the "Siddhhem Shabdanushasan" of Acharya Hemchandrasuri. The core of the text is the discussion and explanation of various "nyayas" (logical principles or maxims) used in understanding and interpreting grammar rules. The introduction highlights the paramount importance of grammar in comprehending knowledge and the world, drawing upon classical Indian philosophical traditions. It then delves into the history and evolution of grammar, particularly emphasizing the significance of Panini's grammar and Hemchandracharya's Siddhhem Shabdanushasan. The main body, as presented in these pages, begins the systematic exposition of various nyayas, quoting extensively from the Siddhhem Shabdanushasan and its commentators, particularly Hemahangsagani.

Key Themes and Content:

1. Preamble and Introduction (Pages 1-11):

   • Supreme Importance of Grammar: The text begins by emphasizing the indispensable role of grammar (Vyakarana) in understanding all knowledge and the universe, quoting classical Sanskrit verses. It stresses that language (Shabda) is the very essence of consciousness and reality.
   • Historical Context of Grammar: It traces the origin of grammar, referencing Vedic texts and the role of Indra as the first grammarian, followed by other prominent grammarians like Brihaspati, Chandra, Apisali, Shakatayana, Panini, and Jainendra. It notes the antiquity and proliferation of grammatical works.
   • Praise for Hemchandracharya: The introduction specifically praises Acharya Hemchandrasuri's "Shri Siddhahem Shabdanushasan" as a highly influential and accessible grammar text, especially in the current era.
   • Purpose of Nyayasamucchaya: The text explains that "Nyayasamucchaya" (or Nyayarthasindhu Tarangasahitah) is a commentary on the nyayas mentioned in Hemchandracharya's work, aimed at clarifying complex grammatical concepts for students. It acknowledges the extensive literature on grammar, referencing works like Nagesha's Paribhashendu Shekhar for Panini's grammar.
   • Structure of the Work: The text is divided into four sections ("Vakshaskar"), with the first section containing 57 nyayas mentioned at the end of Hemachandra's Brihadvritti. The subsequent sections collect other relevant nyayas found in grammatical literature.
   • Authoritative Basis: The commentary is based on the collection of nyayas by Hemahangsagani, known as "Nyayasangraha," which itself was based on Hemachandra's Brihadvritti.
   • Commentary by Lavanyasuri: The current work, "Nyayarthasindhu Tarangasahitah," is presented as a detailed and insightful commentary by Acharya Lavanyasuri on the Nyayasamucchaya, aiming to bridge the gap between ancient and modern interpretations and make the complex subject accessible to both scholars and students.
   • Gratitude and Acknowledgments: The publisher (Shri Vijaylavanyasurishwar Gyanmandir) expresses gratitude to patrons and contributors for the publication.

2. Exposition of Nyayas (Pages 12-57): This section is the core of the provided text, detailing a series of grammatical and logical principles (nyayas) with explanations, often referencing Panini's grammar and its commentators like Kaiyata and Nagesha, as well as the works of Hemchandracharya and Hemahangsagani. The nyayas discussed are crucial for resolving ambiguities and understanding the application of grammatical rules. Some of the key nyayas explained include:

   • Swam roopam shabdasyashabda-sangya (Page 21): The true form of a word is understood through grammar.
   • Vivaksatah karakani (Page 22): The case relationship (karka) is determined by the speaker's intention (vivaksa).
   • Pratirodhakapratyaya-pratibandha-gananirdishtam (Page 23): Principles related to grammatical suffixes and classifications.
   • Bhutapurva-tadascharyam (Page 23): The principle of former state or cause influencing the present.
   • Anukaranam prakrutivat (Page 24): Imitation follows the original form.
   • Ekadesha-vikruta-mananyavat (Page 24): A modification of a part is treated as the whole in certain contexts.
   • Shakti-graha-vyakarana (Page 25): The process of understanding the meaning of words, with grammar playing a primary role.
   • Paurva-uttara-padayoh karyam paschat sandhih (Page 27): The principle that the work (karya) of the preceding and succeeding words happens first, followed by sandhi (joining of words).
   • Nishiddha-uttara-apavada-balavanam (Page 28): Prohibited actions are weaker than those prescribed.
   • Nishiddha-uttara-vidhi-nivaraanam (Page 28): A prohibition overrides subsequent rules.
   • Nityadantarangam (Page 29): The eternal (nitya) is stronger than the internal (antaranga).
   • Bahiranga-antaranga-vivekah (Page 29): Discussion on the nature of external (bahiranga) and internal (antaranga) factors.
   • Apradhana-saapeksha-samasa-prasiddhih (Page 29): The principle of samasa (compounding) existing even with subordinate or dependent elements.
   • Anupapatti-nirmitam niyama-vivaksam (Page 30): Rules are created to avoid incongruities arising from non-conformity.
   • Upasargam na vivakshitartham (Page 30): The prefix (upasarga) is not considered for its literal meaning.
   • Nityam-apavaadah-balavan (Page 31): The eternal (nitya) is stronger than the exceptional (apavada).
   • Dvandvam-ekam samanam (Page 31): In a dvandva (coordinating) compound, the singular is used.
   • Upasargam na vyavadhaayi (Page 32): Prefixes do not impede subsequent rules.
   • Nir-anubandha-grahaṇe na sa-anubandhakasya (Page 32): When an unqualified element is indicated, the qualified element is not included.
   • Sannipata-lakshana-vidhih an-nimittaṁ tad-vidhatas (Page 34): A rule based on context or causal relation does not apply to an unrelated or contradictory context.
   • Apradhana-saapeksha-samasaḥ (Page 35): A subordinate element, even if dependent, can form a compound.
   • Pradhana-nu-ya-pradhana-balavattam (Page 35): The principal element is stronger than the subordinate.
   • Sarva-vachaka-shabdashakti-pratyaya-yukta-shcha-arthaḥ (Page 36): All words possess the power to convey meanings, enriched by the understanding of suffixes.
   • Amantanamniramanyat-prakrityā-va-parinametyāyattvam (Page 37): The grammatical form of an ancient word can be understood through its relationship with the root.
   • Prakruti-vadanukaranam (Page 38): Imitation follows the original.
   • Abhut-purva-tad-upacharah (Page 40): An antecedent state or cause is respected in the present.
   • Nityam-antarangāt (Page 41): The eternal (nitya) is stronger than the internal (antaranga).
   • Apavādāt kvacid-utsargo’pi (Page 41): Sometimes, the general rule (utsarga) prevails over the exception (apavada).
   • Yen na-apraapte yo vidhirarabhayate sa tasyaiva badhakah (Page 41): A rule that applies to something not already covered by another rule overrides that rule.
   • Vivaksatah karakani (Page 42): Case relations are determined by the speaker's intention.
   • Samana-samkhya-samabodha-vidhih (Page 42): Rules related to equal numbers or similar contexts.
   • Prākr̥tāt varnāh (Page 44): The natural or common language (Prakrit) is derived from the classical language (Sanskrit).
   • Prākaraṇikāprakaraṇikayoh prākaraṇikasyaiva (Page 50): When both contextual and non-contextual meanings are possible, the contextual meaning prevails.
   • Nityad-antarangam (Page 60): The eternal principle is stronger than the internal.
   • Apavādāt kvacid-utsargo’pi (Page 61): Occasionally, the general rule prevails over the exception.
   • Yeṅ na-lup-bādhakāni (Page 62): Rules related to the elision (lop) of certain sounds (lengthened vowels).
   • Sannipāta-lakṣaṇo vidhir-animittaṁ tad-vidhātah (Page 63): Rules related to context and cause-effect do not apply to unrelated causes.
   • Anekāḥ pratyayāḥ prasajyante, yadā ca sánnidhānam, tatas tadādeśāḥ (Page 64): When multiple affixes are possible, context and grammatical rules determine the correct one.
   • Nityamadantarangam (Page 66): The eternal principle is stronger than the internal.
   • Pradhānaṁ sārabhūtaṁ teṣām | anadhikāriṇi ca svam ॥ 66: The principal element is important, and the secondary element is also considered.
   • Pradhānasya ca samāse saptami (Page 67): In a compound, the principal element governs the grammatical case.
   • Upasargam na vyavadhāyi (Page 71): Prefixes do not obstruct grammatical operations.
   • Sakṛd-gate spr̥dhai yad bādhitam tad bādhitam eva (Page 72): What is obstructed once in a competition or conflict remains obstructed.
   • Nir-anubandha-grahaṇe sāmānyena (Page 73): In the absence of specific context, general rules apply.
   • Prāk kṛta-pratyaya-nirmita-vyapara-vyavadhānamapi (Page 74): A grammatical operation is not obstructed by a prior one.
   • Prák svra-niyata-dhvañi-nivrtto viparīta-svra-nivṛttireva sãdhikā (Page 74): When a vowel or sound change is intended, the previous opposite process is not obstructed.
   • Bhāvī bhūtena sadṛśam (Page 75): The future is understood through analogy with the past.
   • Anityam hi bhāvī kṛte ca [bādhaḥ] (Page 75): The future is uncertain and can be affected by the present action.
   • Nityad-antarangam (Page 76): The eternal principle is stronger than the internal.
   • Prākaraṇikam [bhūyobhiḥ] svayam eva [prakāśitam] (Page 76): What is contextual or derived from the text itself is more important.
   • Svayam-eva nirantarāśrayaṁ ca (Page 77): The principle of self-reliance and continuous support.
   • Anityam tu nityam [iti ] svīkāryam (Page 77): The impermanent (anityam) is considered permanent (nityam) in certain contexts.
   • Bahu-gaṇa-vatu-ḍati-saṅkhyāḥ [1.1.23.] (Page 78): Principles related to various suffixes and numerical terms.
   • Gati-kāraka-uktānam vibhakty-antānam eva kṛdantair vibhakty-utpattih (Page 79): Case endings for verbal compounds and nouns are derived from their roots.
   • Uṇādi-nāmāni avyutpānnāni (Page 80): Unadi suffixes are attached to roots, not always yielding historically derived words.
   • Ekashabdasyāsaṅkhyātvam kvacit (Page 80): Sometimes a single word does not imply a count.
   • Anubandh-kṛtāny-asārūpyā-nek-svaratvā-nek-varatvāni (Page 82): Various aspects like affixes, assimilation, vowel changes, and multiple letters are discussed.
   • Siddhe satyārambho niyamārthaḥ (Page 83): When something is already established, the rule applies for regulation.
   • Pūrve’pavādā anantarān vidhīnbādhan te no'ttarān (Page 83): Earlier exceptions override subsequent rules.
   • Yeṉ nāprāpte yo vidhirārabhyate sa tasyai'va bādhakaha (Page 84): A rule that applies to a case not covered by another rule supersedes it.
   • Nityamanityāt (Page 85): The eternal is stronger than the impermanent.
   • Balavannityamanityāt (Page 85): The eternal is stronger than the impermanent.
   • Antarangaṁ bahiraṅgāt (Page 86): The internal is stronger than the external.
   • Nirasavakāśaṁ sāvakāśāt (Page 87): The unqualified (niravakasha) prevails over the qualified (savakasha).
   • Vārṇāt prākṛtam (Page 88): The natural or common language (Prakrit) is derived from the classical language (Sanskrit).
   • Vṛddh-vṛddhāśrayaṁ ca (Page 88): The aged or the elder (in seniority or tradition) is considered.
   • Sarveṣām vṛttir-vikapena, vṛttiviṣaye ca nityai’pavāda-śrutih (Page 89): In case of options, the exception prevails.
   • Lokasiddham [cha] ācārya-sammatam (Page 90): Principles are established through common usage and scholarly consensus.
   • Apradhānam [api ] svayam artham [āśritya] vyāpyate (Page 90): A subordinate element, when related to the meaning, is considered.
   • Prāk kṛta-pratyaya-nirmitam [ca] an-vibhakti-virahitam (Page 90): Affixes and formations that are not inherently required or are absent are still considered.
   • Nityam [ca] vipratisedhe [ prāptau ] vādhako bhavati (Page 91): The eternal principle prevails in case of conflict.
   • Nityam [eva] [apavādaḥ] bādhakaḥ (Page 91): The exception prevails over the general rule.
   • Nitya-apavāda-bādhyam [apavādaḥ ] balavān (Page 91): The exception is stronger than the general rule.
   • Vidhiniyamayor-vidhireva jyāyan (Page 92): Between a rule (vidhi) and regulation (niyam), the rule prevails.
   • Anantarasyai'va vidhiniṣedho vā (Page 92): A rule or prohibition applies to the immediately following case.
   • Balavannityamanityāt (Page 95): The eternal principle is stronger than the impermanent.
   • Antarangaṁ bahiraṅgāt (Page 96): The internal principle is stronger than the external.
   • Sakṛd-gate spr̥dhai yad bādhitam tad bādhitam eva (Page 72): What is obstructed once in competition remains obstructed.
   • Nir-anubandha-grahaṇe sāmānyena (Page 73): When the general rule is applied, the unqualified element is considered.
   • Etad-dhi-pramāṇam ācārya-sammatam (Page 75): This principle is supported by the consensus of the masters.
   • Balavanna-nityam [iti] svīkāryam (Page 77): The impermanent must be accepted as eternal in certain contexts.
   • Anityam tu nityam [iti ] svīkāryam (Page 77): The impermanent is considered eternal in certain contexts.
   • Anekāḥ pratyayāḥ prasajyante, yadā ca sānni-dhānam, tataḥ tadādeśāḥ (Page 79): When multiple affixes are possible, context determines the correct one.
   • Bahu-gaṇa-vatu-ḍati-saṅkhyāḥ [1.1.23.] (Page 79): Principles related to various suffixes and numerical terms.
   • Vārṇāt prākṛtam (Page 88): The natural or common language (Prakrit) is derived from the classical language (Sanskrit).
   • Vṛddh-vṛddhāśrayaṁ ca (Page 88): The aged or the elder (in seniority or tradition) is considered.
   • Samāsato-dvandvāt paraḥ pratyēkam-amisambadhyate (Page 90): In a compound, the final element connects with each preceding element individually.
   • Anantarasyai'va vidhiniṣedho vā (Page 92): A rule or prohibition applies to the immediately following case.
   • Nityamadantarangāt (Page 96): The eternal principle is stronger than the internal.
   • Pradhānam sārabhūtaṁ teṣām | anadhikāriṇi ca svam (Page 97): The principal element is important, and the secondary element is also considered.
   • Anavakaśaṁ sāvakāśāt (Page 98): The unqualified (niravakasha) prevails over the qualified (savakasha).
   • Upasargo na vyavadhāyi (Page 99): Prefixes do not obstruct grammatical operations.
   • Yena nāvyavadhānaṁ tena vyavahite’pi syāt (Page 100): If something is not obstructed by something else, it is also not obstructed by its absence.
   • Kārakāṇi vīvaksataḥ (Page 102): Case relations are determined by the speaker's intention.
   • Upapadavibhakteḥ kāraka-vibhaktiḥ || 46 || (Page 102): Case relations derived from prefixes (upasarga) are stronger than those derived from regular case endings.
   • Nityam [āgamaḥ] bahulāt (Page 103): Invasions (agamas) are sometimes optional or abundant.
   • Prāk kṛta-pratyaya-nirmita[m ca] an-vibhakti-virahitam (Page 103): Suffixes and formations that are not inherently required or are absent are still considered.
   • Kṛtrimakṛtrimayoḥ kṛtrime [kāryasampratyayaḥ] (Page 104): Between artificial and natural, the artificial prevails in grammatical operations.
   • Sakṛd-gate spr̥dhai yad bādhitam tad bādhitam eva (Page 72): What is obstructed once in competition remains obstructed.
   • Vṛddh-vṛddhāśrayaṁ ca (Page 88): The aged or the elder (in seniority or tradition) is considered.
   • Kvaṣyubhayagatiḥ (Page 105): The principle of double possibilities or interpretations.
   • Nityam [āgamaḥ] bahulāt (Page 106): Invasions (agamas) are sometimes optional or abundant.
   • Nir-anubandha-grahaṇe sāmānyena (Page 107): When the general rule applies, the unqualified element is considered.
   • Ekānu-bandha-grahaṇe na [dvi]anubandha-kasya (Page 107): When one affix is considered, the one with multiple affixes is not.
   • Nānu-bandh-kṛtāny-asārūpyā-nek-svaratvā-nek-varatvāni (Page 108): Various aspects like affixes, assimilation, vowel changes, and multiple letters are discussed.
   • Siddhe satyārambho niyamārthaḥ (Page 83): When something is already established, the rule applies for regulation.
   • Pūrve’pavādā anantarān vidhīnbādhan te no’ttarān (Page 83): Earlier exceptions override subsequent rules.
   • Yeṉ nāprāpte yo vidhirārabhyate sa tasyaiva bādhakaha (Page 84): A rule that applies to a case not covered by another rule supersedes it.
   • Prākaraṇikāprakaraṇayoḥ prākaraṇikasyaiva (Page 50): When both contextual and non-contextual meanings are possible, the contextual meaning prevails.
   • Vivakṣataḥ kārakāṇi (Page 42): Case relations are determined by the speaker's intention.
   • Upasargo na vyavadhāyi (Page 71): Prefixes do not impede grammatical operations.
   • Sakṛd-gate spr̥dhai yad bādhitam tad bādhitam eva (Page 72): What is obstructed once in competition remains obstructed.
   • Nityamadantarangāt (Page 76): The eternal principle is stronger than the internal.
   • Apradhānam [api ] svayam artham [āśritya] vyāpyate (Page 76): A subordinate element, when related to the meaning, is considered.
   • Nitya-apavāda-bādhyam [apavādaḥ] balavān (Page 91): The exception is stronger than the general rule.
   • Balavannityamanityāt (Page 95): The eternal principle is stronger than the impermanent.
   • Antarangaṁ bahiraṅgāt (Page 96): The internal principle is stronger than the external.
   • Sannyāsa-lakṣaṇo vidhir-animittaṁ tad-vidhātah (Page 63): Rules related to context and cause-effect do not apply to unrelated causes.
   • Prakṛti-vadanukaraṇam (Page 38): Imitation follows the original.
   • Bhūta-pūrva-tad-upacāraḥ (Page 40): An antecedent state or cause is respected in the present.
   • Upasargo na vyavadhāyi (Page 71): Prefixes do not impede grammatical operations.
   • Sakṛd-gata-spr̥dhai yad bādhitam tad bādhitam eva (Page 72): What is obstructed once in competition remains obstructed.
   • Nir-anubandha-grahaṇe sāmānyena (Page 73): When the general rule applies, the unqualified element is considered.
   • Ekānu-bandha-grahaṇe na [dvi]anubandha-kasya (Page 77): When one affix is considered, the one with multiple affixes is not.
   • Nityam [āgamaḥ] bahulāt (Page 78): Invasions (agamas) are sometimes optional or abundant.
   • Agamā yad-guṇībhūtā[s tad]-grahaneṇa [ca] (Page 78): Invasions are considered when they become part of the root or have a special significance.
   • Prākaraṇikāprakaraṇayoḥ prākaraṇikasyaiva (Page 50): When both contextual and non-contextual meanings are possible, the contextual meaning prevails.
   • Samāsato dvandvāt paraḥ pratyēkam-amisambadhyate (Page 90): In a compound, the final element connects with each preceding element individually.
   • Bahu-gaṇa-vatu-ḍati-saṅkhyāḥ [1.1.23.] (Page 79): Principles related to various suffixes and numerical terms.
   • Nityam [ca] vipratiseṣe bādhako bhavati (Page 91): The eternal principle prevails in case of conflict.
   • Upasargaṁ na vyavadhāyi (Page 71): Prefixes do not impede grammatical operations.
   • Nir-anubandha-grahaṇe sāmānyena (Page 73): When the general rule applies, the unqualified element is considered.
   • Ekānu-bandha-grahaṇe na [dvi]anubandha-kasya (Page 77): When one affix is considered, the one with multiple affixes is not.
   • Sannipāta-lakṣaṇo vidhir-animittaṁ tad-vidhātah (Page 63): Rules related to context and cause-effect do not apply to unrelated causes.
   • Yedhārūpaṁ ca taddhetuḥ (Page 77): The cause is understood through its relationship with the form.
   • Nityam [anusandhīyam ] [ca] ācārya-mata-pariṣkaram (Page 77): The principle of the eternal is considered necessary for the masters' understanding.
   • Anekāḥ pratyayāḥ prasajyante, yadā ca sānni-dhānam, tataḥ tadādeśāḥ (Page 79): When multiple affixes are possible, context determines the correct one.
   • Yena nāprāpte yo vidhirārabhyate sa tasyaiva bādhakaḥ (Page 84): A rule that applies to a case not covered by another rule supersedes it.
   • Apavādāt kvacid-utsargo’pi (Page 91): Sometimes, the general rule prevails over the exception.
   • Sarvebhyaḥ [samāsa-taddhitānam ] vṛttir-vikalpena, vṛttiviṣaye ca nityai'pavāda-śrutih (Page 89): In case of options, the exception prevails.
   • Anubandh-kṛtāny-asārūpyā-nek-svaratvā-nek-varatvāni (Page 82): Various aspects like affixes, assimilation, vowel changes, and multiple letters are discussed.
   • Siddhe satyārambho niyamārthaḥ (Page 83): When something is already established, the rule applies for regulation.
   • Purve’pavādā anantarān vidhīnbādhan te no’ttarān (Page 83): Earlier exceptions override subsequent rules.
   • Anekāḥ pratyayāḥ prasajyante, yadā ca sānni-dhānam, tataḥ tadādeśāḥ (Page 79): When multiple affixes are possible, context determines the correct one.
   • Prākaraṇikāprakaraṇayoḥ prākaraṇikasyaiva (Page 50): When both contextual and non-contextual meanings are possible, the contextual meaning prevails.
   • Nityamadantarangāt (Page 96): The eternal principle is stronger than the internal.
   • Pradhānam sārabhūtaṁ teṣām | anadhikāriṇi ca svam (Page 97): The principal element is important, and the secondary element is also considered.
   • Nirasāvakāśaṁ sāvakāśāt (Page 98): The unqualified (niravakasha) prevails over the qualified (savakasha).
   • Vārṇāt prākṛtam (Page 88): The natural or common language (Prakrit) is derived from the classical language (Sanskrit).
   • Vṛddh-vṛddhāśrayaṁ ca (Page 88): The aged or the elder (in seniority or tradition) is considered.
   • Upasargo na vyavadhāyi (Page 71): Prefixes do not impede grammatical operations.
   • Sakṛd-gate spr̥dhai yad bādhitam tad bādhitam eva (Page 72): What is obstructed once in competition remains obstructed.
   • Nir-anubandha-grahaṇe sāmānyena (Page 73): When the general rule applies, the unqualified element is considered.
   • Ekānu-bandha-grahaṇe na [dvi]anubandha-kasya (Page 77): When one affix is considered, the one with multiple affixes is not.
   • Nityam [āgamaḥ] bahulāt (Page 78): Invasions (agamas) are sometimes optional or abundant.
   • Agamā yad-guṇībhūtā[s tad]-grahaneṇa [ca] (Page 78): Invasions are considered when they become part of the root or have a special significance.
   • Apradhānam [api ] svayam artham [āśritya] vyāpyate (Page 76): A subordinate element, when related to the meaning, is considered.
   • Pradhānam [tu] sāpekṣatve'pi samāsaḥ (Page 76): A principal element, even if dependent, can form a compound.
   • Bhāvi bhūtena sadṛśam (Page 75): The future is understood through analogy with the past.
   • Nityam [anusandhīyam ] [ca] ācārya-mata-pariṣkaram (Page 75): The principle of the eternal is considered necessary for the masters' understanding.
   • Samāsato dvandvāt paraḥ pratyēkam-amisambadhyate (Page 90): In a compound, the final element connects with each preceding element individually.
   • Nityam [āgamaḥ] bahulāt (Page 78): Invasions (agamas) are sometimes optional or abundant.
   • Prākaraṇikāprakaraṇayoḥ prākaraṇikasyaiva (Page 50): When both contextual and non-contextual meanings are possible, the contextual meaning prevails.
   • Vivakṣataḥ kārakāṇi (Page 42): Case relations are determined by the speaker's intention.
   • Upasargo na vyavadhāyi (Page 71): Prefixes do not impede grammatical operations.
   • Sakṛd-gate spr̥dhai yad bādhitam tad bādhitam eva (Page 72): What is obstructed once in competition remains obstructed.
   • Nityam [anusandhīyam ] [ca] ācārya-mata-pariṣkaram (Page 75): The principle of the eternal is considered necessary for the masters' understanding.
   • Bahuvacana[m] [ca] ācārya-mata-pariṣkaraṇam (Page 75): The masters' understanding and intention behind the use of plural forms.
   • Apradhānam [api ] svayam artham [āśritya] vyāpyate (Page 76): A subordinate element, when related to the meaning, is considered.
   • Pradhānam sārabhūtaṁ teṣām | anadhikāriṇi ca svam (Page 97): The principal element is important, and the secondary element is also considered.
   • Nirasāvakāśaṁ sāvakāśāt (Page 98): The unqualified (niravakasha) prevails over the qualified (savakasha).
   • Vārṇāt prākṛtam (Page 88): The natural or common language (Prakrit) is derived from the classical language (Sanskrit).
   • Vṛddh-vṛddhāśrayaṁ ca (Page 88): The aged or the elder (in seniority or tradition) is considered.
   • Samāsato dvandvāt paraḥ pratyēkam-amisambadhyate (Page 90): In a compound, the final element connects with each preceding element individually.
   • Nityam [āgamaḥ] bahulāt (Page 78): Invasions (agamas) are sometimes optional or abundant.
   • Agamā yad-guṇībhūtā[s tad]-grahaneṇa [ca] (Page 78): Invasions are considered when they become part of the root or have a special significance.
   • Nānu-bandh-kṛtāny-asārūpyā-nek-svaratvā-nek-varatvāni (Page 82): Various aspects like affixes, assimilation, vowel changes, and multiple letters are discussed.
   • Siddhe satyārambho niyamārthaḥ (Page 83): When something is already established, the rule applies for regulation.
   • Pūrve’pavādā anantarān vidhīnbādhan te no’ttarān (Page 83): Earlier exceptions override subsequent rules.
   • Yeṉ nāprāpte yo vidhirārabhyate sa tasyaiva bādhakaha (Page 84): A rule that applies to a case not covered by another rule supersedes it.
   • Nityam [anusandhīyam ] [ca] ācārya-mata-pariṣkaram (Page 75): The principle of the eternal is considered necessary for the masters' understanding.
   • Bahuvacana[m] [ca] ācārya-mata-pariṣkaraṇam (Page 75): The masters' understanding and intention behind the use of plural forms.
   • Apradhānam [api ] svayam artham [āśritya] vyāpyate (Page 76): A subordinate element, when related to the meaning, is considered.
   • Pradhānam sārabhūtaṁ teṣām | anadhikāriṇi ca svam (Page 97): The principal element is important, and the secondary element is also considered.
   • Nirasāvakāśaṁ sāvakāśāt (Page 98): The unqualified (niravakasha) prevails over the qualified (savakasha).
   • Sannyāsa-lakṣaṇo vidhir-animittaṁ tad-vidhātah (Page 63): Rules related to context and cause-effect do not apply to unrelated causes.
   • Prāk kṛta-pratyaya-nirmita[m ca] an-vibhakti-virahitam (Page 103): Suffixes and formations that are not inherently required or are absent are still considered.
   • Kr̥trimakṛtrimayoḥ kr̥trime [kāryasampratyayaḥ] (Page 104): Between artificial and natural, the artificial prevails in grammatical operations.
   • Saṅkhyā-saṅkhyeyo-bhaya-viṣayāṇām [nivṛttir-dvigrahaṇāt] (Page 105): The principle that the absence of a count is understood through the count itself.
   • Nitya-apavāda-bādhyam [apavādaḥ] balavān (Page 91): The exception is stronger than the general rule.
   • Vṛddh-vṛddhāśrayaṁ ca (Page 88): The aged or the elder (in seniority or tradition) is considered.
   • Sākṛd-gata-spr̥dhai yad bādhitam tad bādhitam eva (Page 72): What is obstructed once in competition remains obstructed.
   • Nir-anubandha-grahaṇe sāmānyena (Page 73): When the general rule applies, the unqualified element is considered.
   • Ekānu-bandha-grahaṇe na [dvi]anubandha-kasya (Page 77): When one affix is considered, the one with multiple affixes is not.
   • Apavādāt kvacid-utsargo’pi (Page 61): Sometimes, the general rule prevails over the exception.
   • Vidhiniyamayoḥ vidhireva jyāyān (Page 92): Between a rule (vidhi) and regulation (niyam), the rule prevails.
   • Anantarasyai'va vidhiniṣedho vā (Page 92): A rule or prohibition applies to the immediately following case.
   • Balavannityamanityāt (Page 95): The eternal principle is stronger than the impermanent.
   • Antarangaṁ bahiraṅgāt (Page 96): The internal principle is stronger than the external.
   • Upasargo na vyavadhāyi (Page 71): Prefixes do not impede grammatical operations.
   • Nityam [āgamaḥ] bahulāt (Page 78): Invasions (agamas) are sometimes optional or abundant.
   • Samāsa-taddhitānam vṛttir-vikalpena, vṛttiviṣaye ca nityai’pavāda-śrutih (Page 89): In case of options, the exception prevails.
   • Uṇādi-nāmāni avyutpānnāni (Page 80): Unadi suffixes are attached to roots, not always yielding historically derived words.
   • Prakṛti-grahaṇe svārthika-pratyayāntānam api grahaṇam || 1 || (Page 104): When the root is considered, suffixes indicating the root's meaning are also included.
   • Nir-anubandha-grahaṇe sāmānyena (Page 73): When the general rule applies, the unqualified element is considered.
   • Ekānu-bandha-grahaṇe na [dvi]anubandha-kasya (Page 77): When one affix is considered, the one with multiple affixes is not.
   • Prākaraṇikāprakaraṇayoḥ prākaraṇikasyaiva (Page 50): When both contextual and non-contextual meanings are possible, the contextual meaning prevails.
   • Abhūta-pūrva-tad-upacāraḥ (Page 40): An antecedent state or cause is respected in the present.
   • Nityam [anusandhīyam ] [ca] ācārya-mata-pariṣkaram (Page 75): The principle of the eternal is considered necessary for the masters' understanding.
   • Bahu-gaṇa-vatu-ḍati-saṅkhyāḥ [1.1.23.] (Page 79): Principles related to various suffixes and numerical terms.
   • Pratyayā-pratyayayoḥ pratyayasyaiva (Page 78): When both the affix and its absence are possible, the affix prevails.
   • Sakhṛd-gate spr̥dhai yad bādhitam tad bādhitam eva (Page 72): What is obstructed once in competition remains obstructed.
   • Anantarasyai'va vidhiniṣedho vā (Page 92): A rule or prohibition applies to the immediately following case.
   • Nityam [āgamaḥ] bahulāt (Page 78): Invasions (agamas) are sometimes optional or abundant.
   • Agamā yad-guṇībhūtā[s tad]-grahaneṇa [ca] (Page 78): Invasions are considered when they become part of the root or have a special significance.
   • Bahu-gaṇa-vatu-ḍati-saṅkhyāḥ [1.1.23.] (Page 79): Principles related to various suffixes and numerical terms.
   • Sannipāta-lakṣaṇo vidhir-animittaṁ tad-vidhātah (Page 63): Rules related to context and cause-effect do not apply to unrelated causes.
   • Yedhārūpaṁ ca tad-hētuḥ (Page 77): The cause is understood through its relationship with the form.
   • Vārṇāt prākṛtam (Page 88): The natural or common language (Prakrit) is derived from the classical language (Sanskrit).
   • Vṛddh-vṛddhāśrayaṁ ca (Page 88): The aged or the elder (in seniority or tradition) is considered.
   • Samāsato dvandvāt paraḥ pratyēkam-amisambadhyate (Page 90): In a compound, the final element connects with each preceding element individually.
   • Nityam [āgamaḥ] bahulāt (Page 78): Invasions (agamas) are sometimes optional or abundant.
   • Prākaraṇikāprakaraṇayoḥ prākaraṇikasyaiva (Page 50): When both contextual and non-contextual meanings are possible, the contextual meaning prevails.
   • Vivakṣataḥ kārakāṇi (Page 42): Case relations are determined by the speaker's intention.
   • Upasargo na vyavadhāyi (Page 71): Prefixes do not impede grammatical operations.
   • Sakṛd-gate spr̥dhai yad bādhitam tad bādhitam eva (Page 72): What is obstructed once in competition remains obstructed.
   • Nir-anubandha-grahaṇe sāmānyena (Page 73): When the general rule applies, the unqualified element is considered.
   • Ekānu-bandha-grahaṇe na [dvi]anubandha-kasya (Page 77): When one affix is considered, the one with multiple affixes is not.
   • Pradhānam sārabhūtaṁ teṣām | anadhikāriṇi ca svam (Page 97): The principal element is important, and the secondary element is also considered.
   • Nirasāvakāśaṁ sāvakāśāt (Page 98): The unqualified (niravakasha) prevails over the qualified (savakasha).
   • Sarvebhyo [samāsa-taddhitānam ] vṛttir-vikalpena, vṛttiviṣaye ca nityai’pavāda-śrutih (Page 89): In case of options, the exception prevails.
   • Loke siddham eva[ca] (Page 100): What is established in common usage is self-evident.
   • Yen nāprāpte yo vidhirārabhyate sa tasyaiva bādhakaha (Page 84): A rule that applies to a case not covered by another rule supersedes it.
   • Nityam [anusandhīyam ] [ca] ācārya-mata-pariṣkaram (Page 75): The principle of the eternal is considered necessary for the masters' understanding.
   • Bahuvacana[m] [ca] ācārya-mata-pariṣkaraṇam (Page 75): The masters' understanding and intention behind the use of plural forms.
   • Apradhānam [api ] svayam artham [āśritya] vyāpyate (Page 76): A subordinate element, when related to the meaning, is considered.

3. The Nyayasamucchaya Commentary: The text then moves on to detailing the specific nyayas, providing their meaning, grammatical context, and illustrative examples. These explanations are often rich with references to grammatical texts and scholarly debates. The author, Lavanyasuri, presents these nyayas clearly, referencing the original sources and providing his own interpretations and clarifications where necessary.

Overall Significance: This portion of the "Nyayasamucchaya" serves as an invaluable resource for understanding the intricate logical and grammatical principles that underpin Jain philosophical and linguistic traditions, particularly within the context of the Siddhhem Shabdanushasan. It showcases the depth of scholarship in Jain traditions concerning grammar and logic, highlighting the continuity of knowledge transmission and commentary through revered Acharyas. The detailed explanations of the nyayas are crucial for accurate interpretation of grammatical texts and for grasping the nuances of Sanskrit grammar as understood within the Jain tradition.

Note: The provided text is heavily Sanskrit-based with Gujarati introductions and explanations. The summary aims to capture the essence of the grammatical and philosophical discussions presented in these pages. The precise meaning of some technical grammatical terms might require deeper knowledge of Sanskrit linguistics.