Nyaya Vinischaya Savrutti Siddhi Vinischaya Evam Savivrutti Praman Sangraha

Here's a comprehensive summary in English of the provided Jain text, focusing on the analysis of quotations within Akalankadeva's works:

Summary of "A Study of Quotations in Akalankadeva's Nyayavinishchaya, Savritti Siddhivinishchaya, and Savivrutti Pramana Sangraha" by Kamlesh Kumar Jain

This essay, authored by Kamlesh Kumar Jain, is a continuation of previous research on quotations found in traditional Jain literature, specifically focusing on the works of the esteemed Jain logician and philosopher, Akalankadeva. Building upon earlier work that analyzed quotations from Akalankadeva's Aptamimansabhashya and Laghiyastray, this study delves into the quotations present in three other of his undisputed works: Nyayavinishchaya, Siddhi Vinishchaya (with its commentary), and Pramana Sangraha (with its commentary).

1. Nyayavinishchaya

• Nature and Influence: Nyayavinishchaya is a philosophical composition by Akalankadeva. The author notes the similarity in naming with Dharmakirti's Pramanavinishchaya, suggesting a potential imitation. Akalankadeva's work might also have been influenced by Siddhasena Divakara's Nyayavatara (though some now attribute this to Siddharshi).
• Textual History: The first publication of Nyayavinishchaya was as part of Sindhi Jain Granthamala, Granthanka 12, accompanied by a commentary called Nyayavinishchaya Vivaran. Crucially, Akalankadeva's own commentary (Vivriti or Vritti) on Nyayavinishchaya is not available. However, evidence suggests its existence, as a passage is quoted from it by name in the commentary on Siddhivinishchaya.
• Incorporation of Other Works: Despite the absence of Akalankadeva's own commentary, the Nyayavinishchaya itself contains numerous karikas (verses) that incorporate phrases or sentences from earlier scholars without explicit attribution. Examples include:
  • Karika 1/110 begins with a phrase from the Tattvartha Sutra (5/37).
  • Karika 1/114 includes a verse reminiscent of Tattvartha Sutra (5/30).
  • Karika 2/154 quotes a verse attributed to Patrakesari Swami's Trilakshanaka Darshan.
  • Karika 2/209 criticizes a verse from Vadanayaya.
  • Karika 3/211 directly incorporates a famous verse from Samantabhadra Swami's Aptamimamsa.
  • The author indicates that many other such sources are integrated into the text.

2. Savritti Siddhivinishchaya

• Philosophical Rigor: Siddhivinishchaya, along with its self-commentary (Svritti), is described as a pure philosophical and logical work by Akalankadeva. The original text and its commentary were reconstructed from a single manuscript of the Siddhivinishchaya Teeka by Anantavirya. The work is divided into 12 sections covering pramana (means of valid knowledge), naya (standpoints), and nikshepa (classification).
• Focus on Buddhist Literature: Similar to his other logical works, Siddhivinishchaya heavily quotes or alludes to Buddhist literature, with a particular focus on critiquing Dharmakirti. Akalankadeva not only criticizes Dharmakirti's ideas but also adopts his phrasing and arguments for refutation.
• Notable Quotations: Akalankadeva's own commentary (Svritti) on Siddhivinishchaya contains about thirty-two quotations. Some notable examples include:
  • A verse from the Brihadaranyakopanishad (1/20 commentary).
  • A verse from Dharmakirti's Pramanavartika (1/22 commentary).
  • A sutra from the Tattvartha Sutra (1/27 commentary).
  • A sentence from a Buddhist text (2/8 commentary), with a similar sentence appearing in the introduction.
  • A phrase from Dharmakirti's Pramanavartika (2/12 commentary), with a slightly different reading.
  • A karika (2/25) that Akalankadeva later rephrased in his Tattvarthavartika, suggesting his own composition for the latter half of the verse.
  • A sentence from Hetubindu and Vadanayaya (3/8 commentary).
  • Another sentence from Hetubindu (3/18 commentary).
  • Two analogies from unidentified Buddhist sources (4/14 commentary).
  • A statement from a Samkhya text (4/21 commentary).
  • A verse from Dharmakirti's Pramanavartika (5/3 commentary).
  • A statement from Dharmakirti's Pramanavartika (5/3 commentary), explicitly identified as such by the commentator.
  • A statement attributed to the Buddhist philosopher Dignaga, found in Pramanavartika's self-commentary (5/4 commentary).
  • A karika from Hetubindu (5/5 commentary), which forms the basis for Siddhivinishchaya's karika 6/2.
  • A critique of the initial karika of Vadanayaya using verses from Siddhivinishchaya (5/8 and 5/10 commentaries).
  • A verse from Hetubindu (6/2 commentary).
  • A modified statement from Hetubindu (6/2 commentary).
  • A statement from Pramanavartika's self-commentary (6/2 commentary).
  • A verse from Hetubindu (6/2 commentary).
  • Verses from Pramanavartika's self-commentary (6/9 and 6/16 commentaries), with a similar related verse mentioned without an identified source.
  • A sutra from the Tattvartha Sutra (6/31 commentary).
  • Two unidentified verses (6/37 commentary).
  • A sentence from Hetubindu (7/6 commentary).
  • A partial verse from Dharmakirti's Pramanavartika (7/11 commentary).
  • A sutra from the Nyaya Sutra (8/21 commentary).
  • Statements from the Samkhya tradition, with a mention of a similar passage in Mathara Vritti on Samkhya Karika (8/39 commentary).
  • A sutra from the Jainendra Vyakarana (9/14 commentary).
  • A verse from the Brihadaranyakopanishad is re-quoted (10/7 commentary).
  • A verse from Dharmakirti's Pramanavartika is alluded to (11/25 commentary).
  • An unidentified verse is quoted (12/11 commentary).

3. Savivrutti Pramana Sangraha

• Logical and Comprehensive: Pramana Sangraha is described as a logical and argument-based work by Akalankadeva, essentially a collection of proofs or arguments. Its language and subject matter are highly complex and difficult to understand, even for scholars. It contains a greater number of topics than his other works.
• Later Work: The book's mature style and the inclusion of many karikas from Nyayavinishchaya without introduction suggest it might be Akalankadeva's final work, composed after Nyayavinishchaya. The work has 9 sections and 872 karikas, for which Akalankadeva himself wrote a supplementary commentary called Vivriti.
• Limited Quotations in Commentary: Akalankadeva's own commentary (Vivriti) on Pramana Sangraha contains only three quotations:
  • A sentence from a Buddhist teacher, also found in the commentary on Laghiyastray (19th karika commentary).
  • A statement from a Buddhist philosopher (57th karika commentary).
  • An unidentified sentence (64th karika commentary).

Conclusion

The study concludes that Akalankadeva's works, Nyayavinishchaya, Siddhivinishchaya, and Pramana Sangraha, frequently quote or integrate material from various sources, including:

• Tattvartha Sutra
• Trilakshanaka Darshan
• Vadanayaya
• Aptamimamsa
• Brihadaranyakopanishad
• Pramanavartika
• Santananantara Siddhi
• Hetubindu
• Pramanavinishchaya
• Aacharya Dignaga
• Nyayavatara
• Pramanavartika Sva Vritti
• Nyaya Sutra
• Samkhya Karika Mathara Vritti
• Pramanavartika Manoratha Nandini Teeka
• Jainendra Vyakarana

Akalankadeva, being a profound scholar and a sharp philosopher, produced works that are fundamentally philosophical, logical, and thought-provoking. Therefore, it is natural that his writings contain quotations from philosophical and logical texts. Among these, citations from Buddhist literature are particularly prominent, with a special emphasis on critiquing Dharmakirti. This is likely because Buddhism held significant sway during Akalankadeva's time, and Dharmakirti's ideas were particularly influential.

The author notes that while some quotations are clearly from other texts, others seem to have been integrated into the karikas or commentaries as integral parts without explicit attribution, suggesting they might be Akalankadeva's own creations. The study highlights the ongoing effort to identify the original sources of these quotations and to collect related passages from those sources for comparative study.