Nitivakyamrutam - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Nitivakyamrutam" by Somdevsuri, based on the provided pages:

Title: Nitivakyamrutam (The Nectar of Political Maxims) Author: Somdevsuri Commentator: Ramchandra Malviya Publisher: Chaukhamba Vidyabhavan, Varanasi Publication Year: 1972 (First Edition, V.S. 2029)

Overall Purpose and Content:

"Nitivakyamrutam" is a comprehensive treatise on Niti Shastra (the science of ethics and polity), presented in a concise sutra style by the renowned Jain scholar Somdevsuri. The text aims to provide guidance for effective governance, moral conduct, and the well-being of both the ruler and the ruled. It draws heavily from earlier Niti Shastra traditions, synthesizing a vast repository of ancient Indian political and ethical thought. The commentary by Ramchandra Malviya makes these profound teachings accessible with detailed explanations in Hindi.

Key Themes and Concepts:

The text is structured into numerous "Samuddeshas" (chapters or sections), each focusing on a specific aspect of Niti. Based on the provided table of contents and sampled pages, the major themes covered include:

Niti (Policy/Ethics) Defined: Niti is defined as the methodology that aligns with Dharma, Artha, and Kama, ensuring the well-being of the populace and preventing deviation from their customary practices. It is closely linked to justice and Dharma Shastra. The author emphasizes that Niti guides towards the right path and regulates societal conduct.
The State (Rajya) and its Importance: The state is revered as a foundational element, often metaphorically described as a tree with branches (the six political measures), flowers (Sam, Dam, Dand, Bhed), and fruits (Dharma, Artha, Kama). The well-being of the state is paramount for the welfare of its citizens.
Dharma (Righteousness/Duty): Dharma is defined as that which leads to worldly prosperity (Abhyudaya) and ultimate liberation (Nihshreyas). It is achieved through self-reflection, contemplating the welfare of others, according to one's capacity, and through practices like charity and austerity. Harm to living beings is considered Adharma.
Artha (Wealth/Economics): Artha is the means to achieving all objectives. Proper management of Artha involves acquiring, protecting, and increasing wealth. The text cautions against misuse of wealth and highlights the importance of its proper allocation, especially for supporting those in need.
Kama (Desire/Pleasure): Kama should be pursued in conjunction with Dharma and Artha, without causing harm. It is essential for overall happiness but must be balanced. Indulgence without control leads to ruin.
The Six Enemies (Arishadvarga): The text identifies Kama (lust), Krodha (anger), Lobha (greed), Mada (intoxication/pride), Mana (vanity/prestige), and Harsha (excessive joy) as internal enemies for kings, which, if not managed properly, lead to their downfall.
The King (Raja) and His Duties: The king is portrayed as the protector and administrator of the realm. He must be just, stern with wrongdoers, and protective of the righteous. His duties include maintaining order, dispensing justice, and ensuring the welfare of his subjects. The text outlines various societal structures like Varnas (classes) and Ashramas (stages of life).
Vidya (Knowledge/Learning): Various forms of knowledge, including Anvikshiki (philosophy/logic), Trayi (Vedas and related sciences), Varta (economics/agriculture/trade), and Dandniti (political science/law), are considered crucial for a ruler. The importance of learning from teachers and elders is stressed. Ignorance is likened to blindness.
The Council of Ministers (Mantri): The text elaborates on the qualifications and conduct of ministers, emphasizing loyalty, wisdom, integrity, and the ability to advise the king effectively. It discusses the dangers of appointing unqualified or self-serving individuals to such crucial positions.
Various Officials: The roles and responsibilities of other key officials like the Purohita (priest/advisor), Senapati (commander-in-chief), Duta (envoy), and Chara (spies) are also discussed, highlighting their importance in the functioning of the state.
Fortifications (Durg): The strategic importance of well-defended locations for the security of the state is emphasized, outlining the characteristics of a strong fort.
The Treasury (Kosh): The treasury is considered the lifeblood of the kingdom. Its proper management, accumulation, and judicious use are crucial for the king's prosperity and ability to manage the state.
Military Strength (Bal): The text discusses the importance of a well-trained and organized army, particularly highlighting the role of elephants and cavalry in warfare. It also touches upon the qualities of a good soldier and the consequences of neglecting military affairs.
Friendship (Mitra): The nature of true and artificial friendship is explored, along with the qualities of a good friend and the pitfalls to avoid in maintaining relationships.
Statecraft and Diplomacy (Shadgunya): The six political measures (Sandhi - alliance, Vigraha - hostility, Yana - march, Asana - halt, Dvaisidhava - dual policy, Samashraya - seeking refuge) are discussed as tools of diplomacy and statecraft. The text emphasizes strategic thinking and the prudent use of these measures.
Warfare (Yuddha): The text delves into the strategies and ethics of warfare, advocating for diplomacy and wisdom over brute force where possible. It stresses the importance of intelligence, preparedness, and understanding the enemy.
Marriage (Vivaha): The text outlines various forms of marriage and the customs associated with them, along with the qualities desired in a spouse and the consequences of improper alliances.
Miscellaneous Virtues and Vices (Prakirna): This broad section likely contains various maxims and advice on conduct, character, and worldly wisdom.
Daily Conduct (Divasanusthana): The importance of a disciplined daily routine, including waking early, hygiene, exercise, proper diet, and devotion, is highlighted for overall well-being.
Good Conduct (Sadachara): This section emphasizes virtuous behavior, self-control, and ethical living, stressing that true character defines a person, not just lineage or external appearances.
Commerce and Trade (Varta): The text discusses the importance of agriculture, animal husbandry, and trade for the prosperity of the state and the king. It touches upon market regulations and fair practices.
Law and Order (Dandniti): The application of justice and punishment is discussed, emphasizing that the goal of punishment is societal welfare and correction, not merely revenue generation.
Internal Governance (Amartya Samuddesha): The text details the crucial role of ministers and other administrative officials, their qualifications, responsibilities, and the importance of choosing them wisely.
The People and the Land (Janpada): The text describes the ideal characteristics of a prosperous land and its people, emphasizing self-sufficiency, well-being, and good governance.

Author and His Background:

Somdevsuri is identified as a significant Jain scholar from the 10th century CE. His profound knowledge of various shastras is evident in the breadth and depth of the topics covered in "Nitivakyamrutam." He is also credited with other works like "Yashastilaka Champu," which further attests to his erudition. The text is noted as being inspired by earlier authorities and aimed at providing a clear and accessible guide to Niti.

Commentary:

Ramchandra Malviya's extensive Hindi commentary is a significant contribution, making the nuanced ideas of Somdevsuri accessible to a wider audience. The commentary is praised for its depth and elucidates the philosophical underpinnings of the original sutras.

Significance:

"Nitivakyamrutam," through its comprehensive approach and concise style, stands as a valuable resource for understanding ancient Indian political and ethical thought. It offers timeless wisdom applicable to leadership, governance, personal conduct, and societal harmony, making it relevant even in contemporary times.