Niti Dharm Ane Samaj

This text, "Niti Dharm ane Samaj" (Ethics, Religion, and Society) by Sukhlal Sanghavi, explores the fundamental differences between ethics (Niti) and religion (Dharm) and their impact on society.

The author begins by observing the inherent social nature of all living beings, from ants to birds and animals. He notes that while humans are also social, they are unique in their ability to adapt, learn languages, change customs, and embrace diversity. This capacity for conscious adaptation and interaction is what elevates humans to the status of a "society" rather than just a community.

Sanghavi argues that individuals within a society inevitably influence each other. Positive or negative habits spread, creating an environment that can either elevate or degrade the collective. He uses examples like smoking or education to illustrate this point. Conversely, individuals who resist societal norms may face ostracism or pressure to conform.

The core of the discussion lies in the distinction between ethics and religion. Ethics (Niti), according to Sanghavi, refers to duties and restraints driven by fear or self-interest. These are necessary for the maintenance and order of society, but they do not lead to true progress or purification. Examples include obeying laws to avoid punishment or adhering to social customs for reputation.

Religion (Dharm), on the other hand, is defined as duty performed purely for its own sake, based on righteousness and intrinsic worth, free from fear or self-interest. True religion leads to purification and genuine development.

The text emphasizes that societies are not purified by mere adherence to ethical codes alone. The author uses the example of a ticket collector: one might be meticulous with accounts out of fear of losing their job, while another performs the same duty with meticulousness and honesty, even when opportunities for bribery arise and are rejected. The latter exemplifies Dharm, while the former embodies Niti.

Sanghavi further illustrates this with the example of ascetics (tyagis). An ascetic who refrains from handling money due to religious vows but harbors inner desires for wealth and pride in having wealthy disciples, is following Niti. A true ascetic (Dharmic) would not hoard money or feel pride in wealth, regardless of their circumstances.

The author contends that while ethical practitioners may maintain social order, it is the truly religious individuals, driven by Dharma, who bring about genuine purification and progress in society. He criticulates those who claim to solely practice religion and bring about societal purity, stating that all sects have produced individuals with genuine religious qualities. He argues that outward forms of religion (like temple worship or its rejection, pilgrimage, or rituals) are not definitive indicators of true religiousness.

Instead, Sanghavi proposes fearlessness, detachment, and wisdom (vivek) as the universal criteria for identifying true religion and its societal benefit. A person or sect exhibiting these qualities will speak their truth, act with integrity, remain unattached to material possessions, and avoid conflict. Where these qualities are present, there is wisdom and societal well-being. Where conflict exists, wisdom is absent.

In conclusion, Sanghavi asserts that while laws and ethical guidelines are created by societal leaders, the true work of societal purification lies in the practice of Dharma. This requires individuals to first cultivate Dharma in their own lives, which then naturally contributes to the purification of society. The ultimate goal is life purification, which is the aim of Dharma. Therefore, to maintain a healthy society and individual life, one must self-reflect on their own practice of Dharma.