Nihnavavada - Book Summary | JainGPT

This is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Nihnavavada" by Acharya Shrimad Vijay Dharmadhurandharsurishwarji Maharaj, based on the provided pages.

Book Title: Nihnavavada Author: Acharya Shrimad Vijay Dharmadhurandharsurishwarji Maharaj Publisher: Shri Shankheshwar Parshwanath Jain Derasarni Pedhi, Mumbai Series: Shri Vruddhi-Nemi-Amrut-Granthmala, Granthank-10

Overview:

"Nihnavavada" is a significant Jain text that delves into the philosophical and historical aspects of certain viewpoints within Jainism that deviated from the core principles, often termed "Nihnavas." These Nihnavas are described as those who conceal or deny the truth, akin to dacoits of the Jain empire. The book aims to analyze their actions and the consequences, encouraging understanding and the avoidance of such deviations. The text, originally published as articles in the "Jain Satya Prakash" monthly magazine, has been compiled into a book for wider readership.

Key Themes and Content:

The book is structured to provide a detailed exposition of the concept of "Nihnavavada" and its historical context within the Jain tradition. It does so by:

Defining Nihnavavada: The term "Nihnavavada" is explained through its etymology and meaning. A "Nihnava" is defined as one who conceals or denies the truth due to false adherence or ego. The "Vada" (doctrine or debate) refers to the discussions and arguments surrounding their views.
Contrasting Nihnavavada with Gandharavada: The text begins by differentiating Nihnavavada from Gandharavada. Gandharavada, associated with the dialogues of the Gandharas (chief disciples of Mahavir Swami) with other philosophical schools, is presented as a foundational aspect of Jain teachings that clarifies and dispels doubts. Nihnavavada, on the other hand, arises from within the Jain tradition itself, as certain monks deviate from established principles.
Historical Context and the Seven Nihnavas: The book identifies seven prominent Nihnavas mentioned in Jain scriptures like the Aavashyak Niryukti and Sthananga Sutra. Each Nihnava is briefly introduced with their core dissenting view:
- Jamali (Bahurat): Believed that things arise over a long period, challenging the principle of chala-chaa (that which is moving is moved).
- Tishya-gupta (Pradeshavadi): Believed the soul resides only in the last pradesh (region) of the soul, not throughout.
- Ashadha (Avyakta): Created doubt about the true nature of monks and deities, questioning if they were monks or gods.
- Amitra (Samudayik): Proposed that all things perish moment by moment, a doctrine of impermanence.
- Gangaacharya (Dvikriya): Believed an soul could perform two actions simultaneously.
- Padamkalaka (Trirashik): Asserted that all substances have three categories: life, non-life, and non-non-life.
- Goshthamahila (Ahnika): Proposed the relationship between the soul and karma is like that of a snake and its slough.
Detailed Analysis of Key Nihnavas: The book then elaborates on the lives and philosophies of some of these Nihnavas, providing narratives and dialogues to illustrate their deviations and the refutations by established Jain scholars or figures:
- Jamali: His story highlights his deviation from the principle of chala-chaa (action and its result), his disagreement with Lord Mahavir's discourse, and his eventual reconciliation or downfall.
- Tishya-gupta: His belief about the soul's location and the refutation by his guru, Vasu Swami, and a lay disciple, illustrating how adherence to ego can lead to error.
- Ashadha (Avyakta): His story involves a divine intervention that clarifies his misconceptions.
- Ashva-mitra (Samudayik/Kshanikavadi): His debate centered on the nature of reality – whether everything is momentary or has some permanence, and the refutation of his extreme views by Jain logic.
- Gangaacharya (Dvikriya): His debate revolved around the possibility of simultaneous actions and the refutation by his guru and a divine intervention.
- Shiva-bhuti (Digambara): His narrative details his transition from a worldly life to monasticism, his adherence to Digambara practices (renouncing clothes), and the subsequent refutation of his views and his eventual expulsion from the community. His story also touches upon the concept of "Nihnavata" and its societal implications.
Philosophical Debates and Refutations: The core of the book involves detailed philosophical debates (Shastrartha) where the Nihnavas' incorrect views are countered with correct Jain principles, scriptural evidence, and logical reasoning. These debates highlight the nuances of Jain philosophy, particularly in areas like the nature of the soul, karma, actions, and the validity of perceptions.
The Role of Nayas (Perspectives): The book emphasizes the importance of understanding "Nayas" (philosophical perspectives) to grasp Jain teachings accurately. The misinterpretation or exclusive adherence to one Naya is shown to be a cause for Nihnavavada. The text explains the seven Nayas: Naigama, Sangraha, Vyavahara, Rujusutra, Shabda, Samabhirudha, and Evambhuta.
The Nature of the Soul (Atmavada): The text includes a section on "Atmavada," discussing the Jain understanding of the soul, its nature, its relationship with karma, and its ultimate liberation. It contrasts Jain views with those of Charvaka, Bauddha, Vedanta, Nyaya, and Sankhya philosophies.
Moral and Ethical Lessons: Throughout the narratives of the Nihnavas, the book imparts moral lessons about the dangers of ego, pride, stubbornness, misinterpreting scriptures, and the importance of humility, adherence to the teachings of the Tirthankaras, and seeking true knowledge.
Appreciation of the Author and Contributors: The book includes acknowledgments and expressions of gratitude to the author for his insightful work and to those who inspired and supported the publication.

Significance of "Nihnavavada":

Preservation of Jain Orthodoxy: By detailing the deviations and their refutations, "Nihnavavada" serves to clarify and reinforce the correct Jain doctrines, acting as a bulwark against the spread of heterodox ideas.
Intellectual Rigor: The detailed philosophical arguments and debates showcase the intellectual depth and logical framework of Jain philosophy.
Historical and Biographical Insights: The book offers glimpses into the history of Jainism and the lives of early monks and their intellectual struggles.
Guidance for Spiritual Practice: By illustrating the pitfalls of incorrect views and the path to correct understanding, the book provides guidance for spiritual aspirants.

In essence, "Nihnavavada" is a scholarly yet accessible work that aims to educate and guide Jains by presenting a critical analysis of deviations from their core philosophy, rooted in scripture and logical reasoning.