Nayavad Ki Mahatta

This Jain text, "Nayavad ki Mahatta" (The Importance of Nayavada) by Sadhvi Shri Snehlata Shreeji, is a profound exploration of a fundamental concept in Jain philosophy and logic. Nayavada, or the doctrine of perspectives, is presented as a crucial tool for understanding reality.

The core idea is that reality is multifaceted and possesses infinite qualities or "dharman." However, when we perceive and articulate these qualities, we tend to focus on one particular aspect, declaring it as the absolute truth. This partial focus, while a valid perspective, becomes problematic when it leads to the negation or indifference towards other equally valid aspects.

Key Concepts Explained:

• Naya Defined: Nayavada is presented as a tool for understanding the truth. It's described as a process that guides us towards a specific viewpoint. The text cites the Tattvartha Sutra's aphorism, "Pramananayiradhigamah," which states that knowledge is attained through both Pramana (all-knowing perception) and Naya (partial, perspective-based knowledge).

• Pramana vs. Naya:

  • Pramana provides a comprehensive, holistic understanding of an object or reality. It's like seeing the entire picture.
  • Naya offers a partial, specific understanding of an object, focusing on one or more of its infinite qualities. It's like focusing on a single element within that picture.

• The Shield Analogy: A vivid analogy of a shield with one side silver and the other gold is used to illustrate the concept. Two travelers approaching from different directions perceive the shield differently: one sees it as silver, the other as gold. Their argument arises when they negate the other's perspective. The text emphasizes that both are correct from their own viewpoint. The resolution comes when they understand that the shield possesses both silver and gold, illustrating that reality is not limited to one aspect.

• Naya as a Tool for Harmony: Nayavada helps in resolving disputes by promoting tolerance and understanding. By acknowledging that others may have a valid perspective, even if it differs from our own, we can avoid conflict and foster a more harmonious coexistence. The text warns that negating other perspectives turns knowledge into "Nayabhas" (a distorted perspective) and leads to discord.

• Sakaladesh and Vikalladesh:

  • Sakaladesh refers to the holistic understanding provided by Pramana.
  • Vikalladesh refers to the partial understanding provided by Naya.

• The Etymology of Naya: The word "Naya" is derived from the root "ni," meaning to obtain, to know, or to attain. The commentary on the Nyayavatara by Shri Siddharshi Gani defines Naya as that which leads us to a specific attribute of an object that possesses infinite attributes.

• The Seven Principal Nayas: The text then delves into the classification of Nayas, highlighting two main divisions:

  1. Dravyarthika Naya (Substantial Perspective): Focuses on the substance or the underlying essence of things.
  2. Paryayarthika Naya (Modal Perspective): Focuses on the various modes, forms, or transformations of things.

  These two divisions further branch out into seven principal Nayas, which are central to Jain logic:

  • Dravyarthika Nayas (3):

    • Naigama Naya: Accepts the commonly accepted meaning in worldly transactions, encompassing both general and specific aspects.
    • Sangraha Naya: Prioritizes the general over the specific.
    • Vyavahara Naya: Prioritizes the specific over the general.

  • Paryayarthika Nayas (4):

    • Rijusutra Naya: Focuses on the present moment, discarding the past and future.
    • Shabda Naya: Adheres to a single, consistent meaning of a word.
    • Samabhirudha Naya: Interprets words based on their etymology and conventional usage, even if they have varied meanings.
    • Evambhuta Naya: Considers an object's attribute only when it is actively manifesting that attribute. For example, an "Arhat" is considered as such only when they are actively engaged in their divine activities, like being worshipped by gods.

• Coordination of Naya and Knowledge: The text explains that the true path to knowledge lies in coordinating these various Nayas. Jain philosophy, being based on Anekanta (non-absolutism), acknowledges that different perspectives are valid. The author emphasizes that ignoring or negating other perspectives leads to error and conflict.

• The Importance of Understanding Others' Perspectives: The text strongly advocates for understanding the underlying "expectation" or "perspective" (अपेक्षा) behind another person's statement. This understanding prevents the labeling of their views as false or fabricated.

In conclusion, "Nayavad ki Mahatta" powerfully argues that Nayavada is an indispensable aspect of Jain philosophy and logic. It provides the framework for understanding the complex, multi-layered nature of reality, fostering intellectual humility, tolerance, and a path towards true knowledge and harmonious living by embracing diverse viewpoints.