Monks Dilemma

This is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Monks' Dilemma" by S.M. Jain, based on the provided text:

Core Theme and Objective:

"Monks' Dilemma" is a novel that critically examines and logically argues for the redundancy and uselessness of institutions of monks and their ilk (mahants, purohits, astrologers, etc.) in contemporary society. The author contends that these institutions have degenerated into parasitic and exploitative entities that prey on the ignorance and superstitions of the masses for their own personal gain (monetary, fame, and power). The book advocates for a rational and scientific temper as opposed to blind, illogical beliefs in rituals, mantras, and claims of miracles.

Critique of Monkhood and Similar Professions:

• Parasitic Nature: The central argument is that monks and similar figures are escapists who shirk the responsibilities, hardships, and toils of householders. They live off the hard-earned money and efforts of the toiling masses without contributing productively.
• Exploitation of Ignorance: These individuals are portrayed as professionals practicing chicanery and sleight of hand, disguised as miracles. They exploit the gullibility of people by offering solutions to problems without commensurate effort and by instilling fear of negative consequences if their advice is not followed.
• Contradiction with Scriptures: The author highlights the irony that people venerate scriptures which preach the scientific principle of cause and effect (one reaps what one sows) but fail to follow these very teachings, instead seeking shortcuts through the practices promoted by these parasitic institutions.
• Degeneration of Institutions: Over time, all such institutions have abysmally degenerated, moving away from their original purpose and becoming self-serving.
• Forced Initiation: A significant aspect explored is the forced initiation into monkhood, often due to economic compulsions, parental pressure, or societal factors like the inability to afford dowry for daughters. This contradicts the claim that such choices are always voluntary and driven by genuine renunciation.

Narrative and Key Messages:

The novel's story revolves around two forward-thinking young individuals, Deepti (from a Rajput family) and Deepak (from an Oswal family). Their relationship and journey convey several important social messages:

1. Inter-caste Marriage: Their matrimonial alliance challenges traditional caste barriers, emphasizing that relationships should not be hindered by such divisions.
2. Futility of Monkhood: Through their research and discussions, Deepti and Deepak aim to demonstrate the redundancy and futility of monkhood. The climax involves the reversal of monks and nuns to normal household life, including the Acharya, signifying a significant societal shift.
3. Social Welfare and Entrepreneurship: Deepak, inspired by Deepti and their experiences, establishes the "Deepshree Rehabilitation Centre". This initiative promotes education, biodiversity, and technical skills training, encouraging young entrepreneurs to invest their wealth responsibly for societal benefit. The central theme is the indebtedness to the country and the duty to contribute to its welfare.

Key Characters and Their Journeys:

• Deepti: An intelligent, assertive, and rational young woman who actively challenges superstitions and parasitic practices. She drives the narrative's critical inquiry into religious institutions.
• Deepak: A diligent and sincere young man initially drawn to the perceived peace and freedom of monkhood, partly due to his parents' influence. His journey involves questioning his own genetic and societal conditioning, ultimately leading him to reject monkhood and embrace a life of meaningful contribution.
• Shree (Deepak's Sister): Initially a nun, she is freed from forced monkhood through Deepti's efforts and eventually marries Vibhu. Her transformation highlights the possibility of breaking free from oppressive traditions.
• Vibhu (Vijay's Brother-in-law): A principled and educated individual who supports Deepti and Deepak's cause and becomes a partner in their ventures.
• Acharya Vinay: The head of a monastic order who, after being challenged by the protagonists and confronted with data, is forced to reconsider the relevance of monkhood and convenes a conference to discuss its future, ultimately leading to significant change.
• Various Religious Figures (Monks, Mahants, Priests, Pundits, Astrologers, Mullahs, Brahmakumaris, Sai Baba etc.): These characters are generally depicted as exploitative, superstitious, and detached from reality, living at the cost of society. The novel critiques their rituals, claims, and lifestyles, exposing the underlying hypocrisy and self-interest.

Methods of Critique and Exposure:

The novel employs various methods to expose the flaws in these institutions:

• Dialogue and Debate: Deepti and Deepak engage in rigorous debates with religious figures, questioning their beliefs and practices.
• Research and Data Collection: Shree meticulously collects data on the circumstances of monks' initiations, revealing the prevalence of forced conversions.
• Observational Narratives: The characters visit various religious sites and witness firsthand the rituals, the ostentatious displays of wealth, and the exploitative practices, which they then analyze and critique.
• Scientific Rationality: The narrative consistently contrasts religious claims with scientific understanding, highlighting the irrationality of superstitions and blind faith.
• Personal Experiences: Characters like Shree and Deepak share personal stories of how these institutions have negatively impacted their families.

Overall Impact and Conclusion:

"Monks' Dilemma" advocates for a societal transformation where individuals contribute productively, embrace rationalism, and reject exploitative practices. It emphasizes self-reliance, ethical conduct, and genuine social service over superstitious beliefs and parasitic lifestyles. The novel aims to inspire readers, particularly the youth, to adopt a scientific temper and actively work towards a more just and rational society. The ending signifies a potential shift in traditional religious structures and a move towards more meaningful contributions to society.