Mandir Pravesh Ane Shastro - Book Summary

This comprehensive summary synthesizes the content of the provided Jain text, "Mandir Pravesh Ane Shastro" by Chandrashankar Pranshankar Shukla, as indicated by the text's content and structure. The summary focuses on the arguments presented within the book to advocate for temple entry rights for Harijans (considered untouchables) and the broader message of equality and inclusivity within Jainism and Hinduism.

Book Title: Mandir Pravesh Ane Shastro (Temple Entry and Scriptures) Author: Chandrashankar Pranshankar Shukla Publisher: Navjivan Prakashan Mandir

Overall Theme: The book argues that the prevailing practice of untouchability and the exclusion of Harijans from temples are not supported by ancient scriptures, including Vedic texts, Upanishads, Smritis, Puranas, and the teachings of great saints and acharyas across various Indian religious traditions, including Jainism and Buddhism. It advocates for the abolition of untouchability and the universal right to temple entry, emphasizing that true spirituality lies in inner purity and devotion, not in birth or external rituals.

Key Arguments and Sections:

The Concept of "Harijan" and the Call for Inclusivity: The preface highlights Mahatma Gandhi's adoption of the term "Harijan" (meaning "child of God") for the so-called untouchable castes, inspired by a Marathi poem that equated spiritual realization with inner qualities rather than birth. Gandhi's initiative aimed to collect scriptural evidence supporting the equality of all castes, and this book is presented as fulfilling that long-standing wish. The author notes that while legislative actions and public awareness are growing against untouchability, deeply entrenched orthodox views, even among the educated, persist in adhering to it in the name of religion.
Historical Absence of Untouchability in Vedic Times: The text meticulously analyzes Vedic literature (Rig Veda, Yajurveda, Atharvaveda, Upanishads, Brahmanas) to demonstrate that the concept of untouchability as understood today was absent. While differences existed between Aryans and Dasas/Dasyus based on color and conflict, there was no notion of inherent untouchability. Later Vedic periods saw integration of various groups, and terms like "Chandala" mentioned in Upanishads were associated with ethical conduct rather than inherent birth-based impurity.
The Chaturvarna System and its Evolution: The book traces the development of the Chaturvarna system, originating from the divine and emphasizing that initially, even the Shudra was considered a manifestation of the divine. It argues that later interpretations and rigid adherence to lineage over conduct led to the corruption of this system, introducing birth-based discrimination. The concept of "Panchajana" is also discussed, showing its evolving meanings and how its later interpretations were used to justify social divisions.
Shudra's Rights and Social Mobility: The text presents evidence from scriptures showing that Shudras had rights to participate in certain rituals and Yagnas, and that inter-caste relationships and social mobility were more prevalent in earlier times. The emphasis on conduct (achara) over birth for determining spiritual and social standing is highlighted, with instances of individuals from lower castes achieving high spiritual status through their actions.
The Rise of Untouchability and Scriptural Contradictions: The author critically examines various Smritis and Puranas, pointing out the inconsistencies and contradictions regarding who is considered untouchable. The book highlights how the concept of untouchability expanded over time due to the influence of external factors and increased emphasis on external purity over internal spiritual development. It questions the immutability of these rules, noting that many practices considered untouchable in the past are now widely accepted.
The Broad Stream of Bhagavata Dharma and Humanism: The book extensively discusses the Bhagavata Dharma, particularly its inclusive and humanistic approach. It emphasizes that Bhakti (devotion) transcends caste, creed, gender, and social status. Saints like the Alvars and the teachings of prominent acharyas like Ramanujacharya, Vallabhacharya, and Chaitanya are presented as evidence of this inclusive tradition. The text highlights how these traditions welcomed people from all walks of life, including those considered untouchable.
The Philosophy of Bhakti and the Importance of Inner Purity: The core message of Bhakti is presented as love and devotion to the divine, which is accessible to everyone regardless of their birth or social standing. The book emphasizes that inner purity, sincere devotion, and righteous conduct are the true measures of spiritual worth, not birth or external rituals. Examples from the lives of saints like Namdev (a tailor), Chokhamela (a Mahar), Kanha Patra (a dancer), and others are cited to illustrate how divine grace is bestowed upon the sincere devotee, irrespective of their societal standing.
The Inclusive Nature of Bhakti and Divine Grace: The text powerfully argues that the divine is impartial and embraces all beings who approach with sincere devotion. The examples of Lord Krishna accepting the offerings of the cowherd girls, Lord Rama accepting the hospitality of Guha the Nishad, and the divine presence being found in all beings, including the lowliest, underscore this point. The book asserts that God's grace is available to all, irrespective of their caste or social background, as long as they approach with a pure heart and devotion.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and the Egalitarian Spirit: Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's movement is highlighted for its radical inclusivity, breaking down barriers of caste, creed, and social status. His emphasis on divine love and sankirtan (congregational chanting) welcomed everyone, including Muslims and those considered outcastes.
Shankara, Ramanuja, and Vallabhacharya's Contributions: The philosophical and devotional contributions of major acharyas like Shankara (Advaita Vedanta), Ramanuja (Vishishtadvaita), and Vallabhacharya (Shuddhadvaita) are discussed. Their teachings are presented as promoting spiritual equality and universal access to the divine, often challenging existing social norms. Their philosophies are shown to emphasize inner realization over birth-based distinctions.
Shiva and Vaishnava Traditions: The book explores the inclusive nature of Shaivism and Vaishnavism, citing examples of saints and devotees from diverse backgrounds who achieved spiritual heights and were revered, often overriding societal prejudices. The worship of deities like Shiva and Vishnu is presented as transcending caste boundaries.
Jainism and Buddhism: The text briefly touches upon Jainism and Buddhism, noting their rejection of birth-based caste systems and emphasis on karma and conduct as the true determinants of spiritual worth. Examples of individuals from lower castes achieving spiritual prominence within these traditions are mentioned.
The Role of the State and Social Reform: The book discusses instances where rulers and authorities, influenced by reformist movements or pragmatic considerations, took steps to dismantle discriminatory practices, including temple entry. Examples from princely states like Vadodara, Kolhapur, and Travancore are provided, highlighting their legislative actions to promote social equality and temple access for Harijans. The author notes the role of figures like Mahatma Gandhi and the prevailing public opinion in pushing for these reforms.
Hindu Society's Pledge and the Momentum of Change: The text concludes by emphasizing the historical context of the anti-untouchability movement, particularly the Poona Pact of 1932, and the subsequent resolutions taken by Hindu leaders to eradicate untouchability and ensure temple entry for all. The book celebrates the growing public acceptance and the progress made, highlighting that the removal of untouchability is not just a social reform but a spiritual necessity for the revival and purification of Hinduism. The author expresses hope that the spirit of inclusivity will continue to spread, leading to a society where all are treated with dignity and respect, regardless of their background.

Overall Message: The book strongly advocates for the scriptural basis of equality and inclusivity in Hinduism. It argues that the current practices of untouchability and exclusion are deviations from the core principles of these ancient traditions and calls for a return to the original spirit of universal love, devotion, and spiritual realization. It highlights that true spirituality is not determined by birth but by one's inner qualities and devotion to the divine. The text serves as a powerful resource for understanding the historical and scriptural arguments against untouchability and for promoting social justice and religious equality in India.